1. CSCI 51 Introduction to Programming Dr. Joshua Stough January 27, 2009

2. Announcements Problem Set 1 due Monday. Building access request

3. PS 1 It may well serve you better to type the code yourself, even if it’s just copying code from another program. –That way, you make mistakes that you know how to fix, and hopefully fewer mistakes later.

4. Last Time in CSCI 51 Parts of a Computer Binary Numbers Algorithms PS 1 assigned –due Monday, Feb 2

5. Review, Hardware vs. Software A computer is made up of hardware and software Hardware Software CPU - ex: 1.8 GHz Core 2 Duo input/output - keyboard - 15.4” wide screen LCD - network card main memory - ex: 2 GB RAM secondary memory - ex: 160 GB hard drive operating systems - Windows XP - Mac OS X applications - games - Microsoft Word - Mozilla Firefox

6. Review Hardware Organization motherboard CPU memory hard drive

7. Review Main Memory (with 100 cells) Each memory cell has a numeric address, which uniquely identifies it

8. Questions Binary Numbers What’s the maximum value a 6-bit number can represent? What’s the decimal representation of 111010? What’s the binary representation of 35? 63 58 = 32+16+8+2 100011

9. KB2 10 = 1024 MB2 20 (over 1 million) GB2 30 (over 1 billion) TB2 40 (over 1 trillion) UnitSymbolNumber of Bytes kilobyte megabyte gigabyte terabyte Storage Capacity Every memory device has a storage capacity, indicating the number of bytes (8 bits) it can hold Various units:

10. Questions 1.- computer components including the CPU, main memory, I/O devices, and secondary storage 2.- the brain of the computer, containing the PC, IR, ALU, and ACC 3.- computer instructions to solve a problem 4.The digits 0 and 1 are called or the shortened term

11. From Java to Machine Language Computers understand only 0 and 1 (machine language) Compiler translates source code into machine code Java compiler translates source code (file ending in.java) into bytecode (file ending in.class) –bytecode is portable (not machine-specific) Java interpreter reads and executes bytecode –different Java interpreters for different types of CPUs and operating systems (OS) Intel/Windows, Motorola/Mac OS X, Intel/Linux

12. Problem Solving The purpose of writing a program is to have the computer solve a problem But: –“Computers do not solve problems; they implement solutions.” – Laurent Gasser The general steps in problem solving are: –understand the problem –dissect the problem into manageable pieces –design a solution –consider alternatives to the solution and refine it –implement the solution –test the solution and fix any problems that exist

13. Algorithm Sequence of instructions used to carry out a task or solve a problem May be written in either English or pseudocode –outline of a program that could be translated into actual code May need refinement as you work Always write/think out your algorithm before you begin programming

14. Problem-Analysis-Coding-Execution most important step without computer with computer

15. Algorithm Design Example Problem: Convert change in cents to number of half- dollars, quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies to be returned. Example: –given 646 cents –number of half-dollars: divide 646 by 50 quotient is 12 (number of half-dollars) remainder is 46 (change left over) –number of quarters: divide 46 by 25 quotient is 1 (number of quarters) remainder is 21 (change left over) –number of dimes, nickels, pennies –result: 12 half-dollars, 1 quarter, 2 dimes, 0 nickels, 1 penny

16. Resulting Algorithm 1. Get the change in cents 2. Find the number of half-dollars 3. Calculate the remaining change 4. Find the number of quarters 5. Calculate the remaining change 6. Find the number of dimes 7. Calculate the remaining change 8. Find the number of nickels 9. Calculate the remaining change 10. The remaining change is the number of pennies.

17. Review Binary Numbers N bits to represent 2 N values N bits represent values 0 to 2 N -1 Example: 5 bits –32 unique values (0-31) –00000 = 0 –11111 = 31 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 0 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1

18. Review Problem Solving Steps: –understand the problem how would you solve the problem (as a human, without a computer) –dissect the problem into manageable pieces –design a solution –consider alternatives to the solution and refine it –implement the solution –test the solution and fix any problems that exist

19. Review Questions 1. What is the maximum decimal value that a 4-bit binary number can represent? 2. What is the binary number for 17? 3. Before the CPU can execute instructions, they must first be loaded from 4. What is the first and most important step in writing a program? 15 10001 main memory analysis, or understanding the problem

20. Today in CSCI 51 Basic elements of a Java program –special symbols –identifiers –data types –operators –expressions –Strings Textbook Ref: Ch 2 and 3

21. Reading Check-Up 1.The rules of a language determine which instructions are valid. 2.True or False? Hello! is an example of a legal Java identifier. 3.If an operator has an integer and a floating- point operand, the result of the operation is a number. 4.The expression (int) (9.2) evaluates to syntax False floating-point 9

22. Introduction Computer program: a sequence of statements to accomplish a task Programming: process of planning and creating a program Programming language: a set of rules, symbols, and special words

23. Sample Java Program public class Hello { public static void main (String[] args) { System.out.println ("Hi There!"); } Upon execution, this program displays Hi There!

24. Programming Languages Programming languages have rules of grammar just as English does syntax rules - which statements are legal and which are not semantic rules - determine the meaning of the instructions token - smallest individual unit of a program –special symbols –word symbols –identifiers

25. Special Symbols +-*/.;?, =

26. Word Symbols aka reserved words, or keywords int float double char void public static throws return reserved words are always all lowercase each word symbol is considered to be a single symbol cannot be used for anything other than their intended purpose in a program

27. Identifiers Names of things (variables, constants, methods) in your programs Can be composed of any combination of letters, digits, underscore (_), and dollar sign ($) Cannot begin with a digit May be any length Java is case-sensitive –Total, total, and TOTAL are different identifiers

28. Illegal Identifiers

29. Questions Classify the following as legal or illegal identifiers: 1. My First Program 2. my1stProgram 3. 1stProgram 4. $money 5. an_identifier 6. Jane'sProgram illegal legal illegal legal illegal

30. Primitive Data Types What’s A Data Type? A set of values and the operations that can be performed on those values Primitive data are fundamental values such as numbers and characters Operations are performed on primitive types using built-in operators

31. Primitive Data Types 8 primitive data types in Java –4 represent integers byte, short, int, long –2 represent floating point numbers float, double –1 represents characters char –1 represents boolean values boolean

32. Primitive Data Types Numeric Types The difference between the various numeric primitive types is their size, and therefore the values they can store: Type byte short int long float double Storage 8 bits 16 bits 32 bits 64 bits 32 bits 64 bits Min Value -128 -32,768 -2,147,483,648 < -9 x 10 18 +/- 3.4 x 10 38 with 7 significant digits +/- 1.7 x 10 308 with 15 significant digits Max Value 127 32,767 2,147,483,647 > 9 x 10 18

33. Integers Examples: -6728, -67, 0, 78, 36782 Positive integers do not have a '+' sign in front of them (but they can) No commas are used in an integer –commas in Java are used to separate items in a list

34. Primitive Data Types Characters A char stores a single character from the Unicode character set –an ordered list of characters, and each character corresponds to a unique number –uses 16 bits per character, allowing for 65,536 unique characters Character literals are delimited by single quotes: 'a' 'X' '7' ' ' '$' ',' '\n' newline character (we'll discuss later)

35. Primitive Data Types Booleans Only two valid values –true or false –uses 1 bit for storage Represent any situation that has 2 states –on - off –true - false true and false are reserved words

36. Expression - a combination of one or more operands and their operators Arithmetic expressions compute numeric results and make use of the arithmetic operators: If either or both operands associated with an arithmetic operator are floating point, the result is a floating point Addition+ Subtraction- Multiplication* Division/ Remainder% Arithmetic Expressions

37. If both operands to the division operator (/) are integers, the result is an integer (the fractional part is discarded) The remainder, or modulus, operator (%) returns the remainder after dividing the second operand into the first (only works with integer types) 14 / 3 equals? 8 / 12 equals? 4 0 14 % 3 equals? 8 % 12 equals? 2 8 Division and Remainder

38. Unary vs. Binary Operators Unary operators –has only one operand –example: - (negative, not subtraction) -5 Binary operators –has two operands –example: - (subtraction) 5 - 3

39. Operator Precedence Determines the order in which operators are evaluated: 1.multiplication, division, and remainder 2.addition, subtraction, and string concatenation 3.arithmetic operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left to right Parentheses can be used to force the evaluation order (just like in math)

40. Operator Precedence What is the order of evaluation in the following expressions? a + b + c + d + e 1432 a + b * c - d / e 3241 a / (b + c) - d % e 2341 a / (b * (c + (d - e))) 4123

41. Integral Expressions All operands are integers Result is an integer Examples: 2 + 3 * 5 3 + x – y / 7 x + 2 * (y – z) + 18

42. Floating-point Expressions All operands are floating-point numbers Result is a floating-point Examples: 12.8 * 17.5 – 34.50 x * 10.5 + y - 16.2 7.0 / 3.5

43. Mixed Expressions Operands of different types Examples: 2 + 3.5 6 / 4 + 3.9 Integer operands yield an integer result Floating-point operands yield a floating-point result If both types of operands are present, the result is a floating-point number –implicit type coercion Precedence rules are followed 2.0 + 3.5 1 + 3.91.0 + 3.9

44. Type Conversion (Casting) Used to avoid implicit type coercion Syntax (dataTypeName) expression Expression evaluated first, then type converted to dataTypeName Examples: (int) (7.9 + 6.7) = 14 (int) (7.9) + (int)(6.7) = 13

45. Questions Evaluate These Expressions 1.(5 + 4) % 6 2.(5 + 6) % 3.5 3.(double) (13) / 2 4.(double) (13 / 2) 9 % 6 3 11 % 3.5 not possible (double) (6) 6.0 13.0 / 2 6.5

46. The class String String –sequence of zero or more characters –enclosed in double quotation marks –null or empty strings have no characters –numeric strings consist of integers or decimal numbers –length is the number of characters in a string The class String is used to manipulate strings Examples: –"Hello World" –"1234" –"45.67" –""

47. Strings Every character has a position in the string (starting with 0) "Hello World" The length of the string is the number of characters in it –what's the length of "Hello World"? 0123456789... 11 (count the space)

48. Parsing Numeric Strings In Java, input from the user comes in the form of a string –we need to know how to get the number values out of the string Numeric String –a string with only integers or decimal numbers –"6723", "-823", "345.76"

49. Parsing Numeric Strings We will use Scanner and nextInt, next, nextDouble, etc. String to int Integer.parseInt(strExpression) Integer.parseInt("6723")6723 String to float Float.parseFloat(strExpression) Float.parseFloat("345.76")345.76 String to double Double.parseDouble(strExpression) Double.parseDouble("1234.56") 1234.56

50. Summary Identifiers –can be composed of any combination of letters, digits, underscore (_), and dollar sign ($) –cannot begin with a digit –Java is case-sensitive Data Types –main integer type: int –main floating-point type: double –others: char, boolean

51. Arithmetic Operators: If one of the operands is floating-point, the result is a floating-point Can only use % with two integer operands Casting –(int) (54.9) - truncates the floating-point number –(double) (23) - adds a.0 to the integer addition+ subtraction- multiplication* division/ remainder (mod)% Summary

52. Next Time in CSCI 51 Wednesday –input, variables, increment/decrement, Strings and '+' operator –Remember, you’re responsible for Ch. 2,3