1. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.1 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Programming in C

2. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.2 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Introduction to Computers Programming in C sophir@techst02.technion.ac.il

3. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.3 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Central Processing Unit Basic Model of Computers Control Processing Unit (CPU) n Control Processing Unit (CPU) l Executes Programs l Program = A Sequence of Machine A Sequence of Machine Instructions Instructions

4. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.4 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Central Processing Unit Basic Model of Computers Control Unit Control Unit (CU) n Control Unit (CU) l Determines which instruction must be executed next. must be executed next. l Retrieves the needed data from the memory the memory l Coordinates the execution of the instruction of the instruction

5. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.5 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Central Processing Unit Control Unit Basic Model of Computers Arithmetic Logic Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) n Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) l Performs Simple operations: Add, Subtract, Multiply,...

6. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.6 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Central Processing Unit Basic Model of Computers Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit Registers Registers n Registers l Fast memory used to hold the intermediate result of the intermediate result of operations operations

7. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.7 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Central Processing Unit Basic Model of Computers Memory Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit Registers Memory (RAM) n Memory (RAM) l holds data and instructions instructions l Random Access l volatile

8. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.8 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Central Processing Unit Memory Basic Model of Computers Disk Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit Registers Disk n Disk l holds data and programs programs l nonvolatile

9. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.9 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Central Processing Unit Memory Basic Model of Computers Disk Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit Registers And other peripherals n And other peripherals Display Printer...

10. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.10 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Central Processing Unit Memory Basic Model of Computers Bus n Bus Data passage way l Data passage way between parts of between parts of the computer the computer Display Disk Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit Registers Printer...

11. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.11 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir CPUCPU n Repeatedly does the following: l Gets the next instruction from the memory l Gets the data required to execute the instruction from the memory l Performs the instruction l Stores the result in the memory

12. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.12 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Machine Instructions n Add the content of memory location 6 to the content of memory location 7 and store the result in memory location 8. Load 6 Add 7 Store 8 End

13. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.13 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Machine Instructions CPU Memory 1 6 7 3 2 8 4 5 5 1 Load 6 Add 7 Store 8 End

14. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.14 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Machine Instructions CPU Memory 1 6 7 3 2 8 4 5 5 1 Load 6 Add 7 Store 8 End

15. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.15 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Machine Instructions CPU Memory 1 6 7 3 2 8 4 5 5 1 Load 6 Add 7 Store 8 End 1

16. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.16 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Machine Instructions CPU Memory 1 6 7 3 2 8 4 5 5 1 Load 6 Add 7 Store 8 End 1 Add 7

17. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.17 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Machine Instructions CPU Memory 1 6 7 3 2 8 4 5 5 1 Load 6 Add 7 Store 8 End 1 5 Add 7

18. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.18 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Machine Instructions CPU Memory + 1 6 7 3 2 8 4 5 5 1 Load 6 Add 7 Store 8 End 1 5 Add 7

19. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.19 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Machine Instructions CPU Memory + 1 6 7 3 2 8 4 5 5 1 Add 7 Load 6 Add 7 Store 8 End 1 5 6

20. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.20 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Machine Instructions CPU Memory + 1 6 7 3 2 8 4 5 5 1 Load 6 Add 7 Store 8 End 1 5 6 Store 8

21. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.21 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Machine Instructions CPU Memory + 1 6 7 3 2 8 4 5 5 1 6 Store 8 Load 6 Add 7 Store 8 End 1 5 6

22. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.22 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir MemoryMemory n A Sequence of Memory Cells (Words) Memory Word

23. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.23 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir WordWord n A Sequence of 4 Bytes Word Byte 0Byte 3Byte 2Byte 1

24. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.24 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Byte 0Byte 3Byte 2Byte 1 ByteByte n A Sequence of 8 Bits Word

25. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.25 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir BitBit n A switch capable of being in one of two states: 0123456728293031 Word l On state: Represents 1 l Off state: Represents 0 00...1111000111

26. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.26 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Decimal Numbers n Each digit is: l 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 l 453 => 3x10 0 + 5x10 1 + 4x10 2

27. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.27 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Binary Numbers n Each digit is: l 0, 1 l 101 => 1x2 0 + 0x2 1 + 1x2 2 => 5

28. Introduction to ComputersS1.1.28 Bina © 1998 Liran & Ofir Ex - Decimal Numbers n Each digit is: l 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F l 1E3 => 3x16 0 + 14x16 1 + 1x16 2 => 343