1.  Line of sight (LOS) is an imaginary line from the eye to the object. LOS for F.V. LOS for T.V.  To see the true shape of a surface, LOS must be perpendicular to that surface.

2.  Take an object as follows : LOS (L.S.V.) LOS (F.V.) LOS (T.V.) 4 3 5 6 A 8 1 2 7

3.  The Front, Top and Side Views are called the Principal Views. (Orthographic Projection)  Auxiliary View (or Extra View) is any view which is not one of the principal views.  Auxiliary view can be drawn from other views.  If you want to draw the true shape of surface A ( an auxiliary view of surface A). need to choose LOS that is perpendicular to surface A. 1,8 2,7 4,5 3,6 A T.V. 1 2 A 4 3 5,86,7 6,5 F.V. 4,3 7,8 L.S.V. A 2,1 LOS for Aux. V. of surface A

4.  Procedure to draw auxiliary view from 2 given views: 1- Label all corners for the two given views. 2- Draw projection lines between the two given views. 3- Choose LOS for the Auxiliary view (from view 1) 1 2 A 4 3 5,86,7 6,5 F.V. 4,3 7,8 L.S.V. A 2,1 (View 2) (View 1) 4 3 5 6 A 8 1 2 7

5. LOS for Aux. V. of surface A LOS 4 3 5 6 A 8 1 2 7

6. for Aux. V. of surface A LOS 4 3 5 6 A 8 1 2 7 x x

7. 4 - Draw a reference line RL 1 perpendicular to LOS (OFFSET and Extend)) 5 - Draw a second reference line RL 2 perpendicular to the projection lines between the two views (choose it close to view) (OFFSET and Extend) 6,5 43 7,8 2,1 L.S.V. 1 2 A 4 3 5,86,7 F.V. (View 2)(View 1) LOS RL1 RL2

8. 6 - Draw projection lines // LOS from Each Corner to the reference line RL1 using SNAP TO perpendicular 6,5 43 7,8 2,1 L.S.V. 1 2 A 4 3 5,86,7 F.V. (View 2)(View 1) LOS RL1 RL2

9. 7 - From Toolbars add Inquiry then use DISTANCE to measure from view 2 (example d 1, d 2 ) 8 - Transfer these distance using OFFSET // RL1 for each corner 9- Extend the projection lines to the offset lines 6,5 4,3 7,8 2,1 L.S.V. 5,86,7 F.V. (View 2)(View 1) LOS RL1 RL2 1 2 A 4 3 d1d1 d2d2 1 2 4 3 d1d1 d2d2 8 7 6 5

10. 9 - Label corners on transfer points. 6,5 4,3 7,8 2,1 L.S.V. 5,86,7 F.V. (View 2)(View 1) LOS RL1 RL2 1 2 A 4 3 d1d1 d2d2 1 2 4 3 d1d1 d2d2 8 7 6 5

11. LOS for Aux. V. of surface A LOS 4 3 5 6 A 8 1 2 7 x x

12. 10- Join all points to auxiliary view. To ensure that no edges have been missed, count the number of surfaces; loop each surface in turn, checking that all points are connected. Use solid lines to showing lines and dashed lines for hidden lines. 6,5 4,3 7,8 2,1 L.S.V. 5,86,7 F.V. (View 2)(View 1) LOS RL1 RL2 1 2 A 4 3 d1d1 d2d2 1 2 4 3 d1d1 d2d2 8 7 6 5 4 3 5 6 A 8 1 2 7

13.  To draw the True shape of surface A, choose LOS which is perpendicular A. and repeat steps 1-10. (you will get an auxiliary view of the true shape of surface A). 6,5 4,3 7,8 2,1 L.S.V. 5,86,7 F.V. (View 2)(View 1) LOS to A RL1 RL2 1 2 A 4 3 1 2 4 3 8 7 6 5 Complete Auxiliary View showing the true shape of Surface A A 4 3 5 6 A 8 1 2 7

14.  Partial Auxiliary Views In the previous examples, we have drawn complete auxiliary views of the object. Some times it is not necessary to draw complete auxiliary view, but only an auxiliary view of only one surface in order to find its true shape. This auxiliary view which shows only part of the object and not the whole object is called “Partial Auxiliary View”.

15.  Example : draw the true shape of surface A as partial auxiliary view: repeat steps 1-10 but only for the corners of surface A (corners 1,2,3 and 4). 6,5 4,3 7,8 2,1 L.S.V. 5,86,7 F.V. (View 2)(View 1) RL1 RL2 1 2 A 3 4 1 2 3 4 LOS to Surface A Partial Auxiliary View showing the true shape of Surface A A

16. Auxiliary Views (Curved Edges) The same procedure (steps1-10) discussed before applies for curved edges. However, curved edges have no corners, so we take points on the curved edges and treat them like corners. The more points we take, the better the drawing of the Curved edges. Take the following examples. Draw a true shape of surface A ( i.e we need an auxiliary view where LOS is Perpendicular to surface A. Surface A E LOS Surface A

17. - choose points on curved edges -connect projection lines between views -Choose LOS ( in this case LOS is perpendicular to surface A to get true shape) 1 11 + 1 9' 8 7' 6 5 4' 2' 3' 10' 9 8' 7 6' 5' 4 2 3 10 1 9 6 4 3 8 2 5 7 11 10

18. 3 - Draw RL1 perpendicular to projection lines // LOS - Draw RL2 perpendicular to projection lines between the two views. 11 + 1 9' 8 7' 6 5 4' 2' 3' 10' 9 8' 7 6' 5' 4 2 3 10 1 9 6 4 3 8 2 5 7 11 10 RL 2 RL 1

19. 2 - - Draw projection lines from chosen points on curved edges parallel to LOS. 11 + 1 9' 8 7' 6 5 4' 2' 3' 10' 9 8' 7 6' 5' 4 2 3 10 1 9 6 4 3 8 2 5 7 11 10

20. 4 - Measure distance from RL2 - Transfer distance to RL1 11 + 1 1 9 6 4 3 8 2 5 7 10 RL 2 RL 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’ 7’ 8’ 9’ 10’ 9' 7' 4' 2' 3' 10' 8' 6' 5' 8 6 5 9 7 4 2 3 10

21. 5 - Connect points 11 + 1 RL 2 RL 1 1 9 6 4 3 8 2 5 7 11 10 9' 7' 4' 2' 3' 10' 8' 6' 5' 8 6 5 9 7 4 2 3 10 7 8 9 11 2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’ 7’ 8’ 9’ 10’ 1 3 4 5 6 2

22. OR - Draw RL1 3' 11 + 1 9' 8 7' 6 5 4' 2' 3' 10' 9 8' 7 6' 5' 4 2 3 10 1 9 6 4 3 8 2 5 7 11 10 RL 2 RL 1

23. OR - Measure distance from RL2 - Transfer distance to RL1 4' 11 + 1 9' 8 7' 6 5 4' 2' 3' 10' 9 8' 7 6' 5' 4 2 3 10 RL 2 RL 1 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’ 7’ 8’ 9’ 10’ 2 1 9 6 4 3 8 2 5 7 11 10

24. OR 5' Connect Point 11 + 1 RL 2 RL 1 1 9 6 4 3 8 2 5 7 11 10 9' 7' 4' 2' 3' 10' 8' 6' 5' 7 8 9 10 11 2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’ 7’ 8’ 9’ 10’ 1 3 4 5 2 6 8 6 5 7 4 2 3 9 10

25. OR 5' Connect Point 11 + 1 RL 2 RL 1 1 9 6 4 3 8 2 5 7 11 10 9' 7' 4' 2' 3' 10' 8' 6' 5' 7 8 9 10 11 2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’ 7’ 8’ 9’ 10’ 1 3 4 5 2 6 8 6 5 7 4 2 3 9 10

26. Summary of Auxiliary View http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/CE/ahmadi/ Run //CE-WSINST Identify line of sight Create layers (1)  Choose color for projection. Create layers (2)  Choose another color for point numbers. -Draw offset  Through (any distance) and choose point for RL 2 & RL 1 Project lines from each view

27. -Choose layer for text  Give the Same Number on all layer -Go to Tool pull down  drafting setting  object snap  perpendicular -OR ONSAP  setting  perpendicular (SELECT) -Go to Construction layer (1) -Type DI (distance) or from the Tool bar add Inquiry bar & choose DI

28. -Go perpendicular  Go offset same dist. up and draw -Extent line to new point  Give a point number as text. -For curved line choose PL commands to draw lines -Type PEDIT  Choose line (to show it smooth curve)  F -To change some lines to hidden. Modify  properties  Line type  hidden - Mirror Choose line  shift choose ….. specify 1st point 2nd point around the x-x line  Enter

29. THE END