1. Standards-Based Science Assessment

2. Ohio’s Science Cognitive Demands Science is more than a body of knowledge. It must not be misperceived as lists of topics to be covered in the six standards in Ohio’s Academic Content Standards, K-12 Science. Holistically, science is a way of studying the natural world.

3. Cognitive Demand Every Ohio achievement test item for science is classified on the basis of what the item asks of the student in terms of reasoning, evaluating investigative procedures, understanding science concepts or analyzing scientific information and technological solutions

4. Cognitive Demand Distributing items across the types of cognitive demand ensures a balance of ways for students to demonstrate science skills and understandings

5. Types of Cognitive Demand Recall / Identify Accurate Science Communicate Understanding / Analyze Science Information Demonstrate Investigative Processes of Science Apply Concepts / Make Relevant Connections with Science

6. Types of Cognitive Demand Recall / Identify Accurate Science Students provide and identify accurate statements about previously learned, scientifically valid facts, concepts and relationships Teachers use a variety of motivators to engage students’ thinking to help them access previously learned science knowledge and skills

7. Types of Cognitive Demand Communicate Understanding / Analyze Science Information Students analyze scientific information and communicate scientifically, given rich investigative scenarios and valid scientific data and information Teachers use questioning and science content knowledge and content-pedagogy to facilitate exploration of standards-based questions, challenge misconceptions and help students develop scientifically valid conceptions and explanations

8. Types of Cognitive Demand Demonstrate Investigative Processes of Science Students use scientific inquiry skills, grounded in standards-based science content Teachers integrate the teaching of standards for Scientific Inquiry and Scientific Ways of Knowing into opportunities for students to conduct investigations aligned with the content standards

9. Types of Cognitive Demand Apply Concepts / Make Relevant Connections with Science Students apply science in the context of individuals and society and scientifically analyze consequences and alternatives, given real-world situations and technological problem-solving scenarios Teachers integrate the teaching of standards for Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry and Scientific Ways of Knowing into opportunities to help students contextualize and expand understandings of science content standards

10. Implications for Instruction Employing instructional strategies that allow students a variety of ways to demonstrate their science skills and understandings can improve learning and performance on Ohio’s standards-based assessments

11. Statewide Assessment Factors that affect student performance on statewide assessment items –Student Ability –Item Attributes –Random Factors

12. OGT Spring 2005 Data Multiple choice item on which Ohio students performed the lowest –Physical Science –Recalling / Identifying Accurate Science –25% of students responded correctly

13. OGT Spring 2005 Data Multiple choice item on which Ohio students performed the highest –Life Science –Communicating Understanding / Analyzing Science Information –90% of students responded correctly

14. Student Performance Characteristics of Items that may Impact Individual Student Performance Standard and benchmark –What content is covered? Format of item –How is the information presented? Passage-based or not passage-based Multiple-choice, short-answer, extended-response Cluster-based or not cluster-based Cognitive demand –What does the task require in terms of student thinking? Random factors

15. Student Performance on Spring 2005 OGT Multiple-choice Items StandardAve % Correct Cognitive Demand Ave % Correct ES65R58 LS59C65 PS58D68 SI SWOK ST 74 A80

16. Preliminary Analysis of Spring 2005 OGT Data Student performance on constructed response items is significantly lower than performance on similar multiple choice items Student performance is not significantly different across standards or benchmarks Student performance appears to be impacted by item cognitive demand

17. Preliminary Analysis Research suggests that student achievement is positively impacted by: Teaching for transfer by providing students with a variety of tasks Varying the complexity of tasks and emphasizing higher-order thinking skills Teaching for mastery and helping students reflect on their learning D. W. Tileston. ( 2000.) Ten Best Teaching Practices R. J. Marzano. (2003.) What Works in Schools

18. Preliminary Analysis Research suggests that student achievement is positively impacted by: Ensuring multiple exposure to, and complex interactions with knowledge Comparing classroom or individual student data to statewide data to reveal gaps in instruction or student experience D. W. Tileston. ( 2000.) Ten Best Teaching Practices R. J. Marzano. (2003.) What Works in Schools

19. Cognitive Demand How can understanding cognitive demand inform classroom instruction to improve student performance?

20. Aligning to the Standards Click on the following links to learn more about: The Learning Cycle and Classroom Inquiry Standards-based Science Instruction Standards-based Science Assessment Teacher Tools for Reflecting on Teaching Science Student Tools for Reflecting on Learning Science