1. Chapter 5 The Changing Surface of Earth
LANDFORMS
   Basic types:
Plains
Plateaus
Mountains

2. 1. Plains • Large, relatively flat areas covering much of the country

3. Coastal Plains plains along coasts
called lowlands because of low elevation (height above/below sea level)
marshes, swamps, low hills
Gulf coastal plain and  Atlantic coastal plain
Atlantic coastal plain

4. Interior Plains from Appalachian Mts. to Rocky Mts.
from Gulf Plain north into Canada
- Great Plains - Central Lowland

5. Plateaus relatively flat, raised areas (raised by geologic forces)
easy to tell from surrounding area
they are clearly higher in elevation
Colorado Plateau
Colorado Plateau from the Air

6. Mountains Rise high above surrounding area.
We will look at Four types:
1. Folded  2. Upwarped  3. Fault-block  4. Volcanic
Long's Peak, Colorado

7. Folded - Mountains Appalachian Mts.
layers of rock that have been pushed and caused to fold

8. Upwarped
pushed straight up by deep forces from within
Rocky Mts.

9. Fault-block
Tilted and pushed, separated by faults (cracks along which rock moves)

10. Fault-block continued

11. Volcanic
Molten rock is forced through the crust to the surface, and builds up
Ash blows through onto the surface and builds up

12. Volcanic continued Sunset Crater, Arizona - a cinder cone
Devil's Tower, Wyo., a Volcanic Neck

13. Earth View Points

14. Latitude and Longitude
• distance in degrees north or south of equator
• parallel to equator • the poles are 90o
Equator
• imaginary circle around Earth halfway between the poles
0o Latitude
Longitude
• distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian
Prime Meridian:
It is Perpendicular to equator.
Runs north/south through what used to be the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England
0o to 180o
the opposite side of the globe
from the 0o of the prime meridian is 180o, the International date Line
International Date Line - not an 800 number
180o longitude, adjusted for local needs

15. VIEWPOINTS or
How We Look at the Earth and Manage to Find Anything, Including Ourselves

16. Maps
Projections
Earth's surface is curved, so plotting on a flat map is inaccurate any way you do it.
Most early views of earth were with planar projections: slices either vertical or horizontal

17. Projection Types Mercator - standard flat map
• correct shapes of continents, but
• areas are distorted
• longitude lines are projected parallel to each other, but
remember that longitude lines are not parallel - they meet at the poles!
area distortions increase as you get closer to the poles

18. Robinson
Similar to Mercator, but less distortion near poles. Continent shapes are foreshortened near edges and poles.
Longitude lines are projected curved, similar to the way they would look on a globe
So areas are less distorted near the poles than with Mercator

19. Conic Used for small areas Most accurate for the small area
Points from globe projected onto cone-shaped paper later laid flat

20. Topographic Maps Show changes in elevation of earth's surface.
Contour lines
• lines on a map that connect points of equal elevation
Contour interval
• the difference in elevation between two side-by-side    contour lines
Index contours
• contour lines marked with their elevations.

21. Rules for Contour Maps
1. The difference between a hill or a depression
• closed lines will be used for both hills and depressions
BUT : around a depression, short lines (called hachures) perpendicular to the contours will be shown pointing downhill.
2. CONTOUR LINES NEVER CROSS A particular spot can't have more than one elevation!
3. Distance between Contour Lines shows slope.
Contour lines that are closer together mean
  land is steeper. 
Contour lines that are farther apart mean
land is less steep. 

22. Rules for Contour Maps cont.
4. Contour lines form V 's that "point" upstream, wherever
they cross rivers and streams.
• If you walk straight across a stream, you go downhill to the stream. Then you go uphill as you walk away from the stream. If you wanted to walk at the same elevation, you would have to go upstream, then back downstream, to do so.

24. Map Legend Legends, explain symbols and meaning of them.
Scale: used to measure distances on maps.
1:80,000 this scale means that 1 unit on the map represents 80,000 units on land.

25. Time Zones Earth rotates once every 24 hours 24 Time zones
Time zones are 15 degrees wide
6 Time zones in the United States
Time zones lines are relative to lines of longitude. (outside cities)

26. International Date Line
The 180 degree meridian
West of the IDL, advance 1 day
East of the IDL, back 1 day