1. Asexual vs. Sexual

2.  Asexual reproduction is the formation of new individuals from the cells of a single parent. It is very common in plants; less so in animals.  Or in the case of cells, asexual reproduction is making a new cell that is the same as the parent cell.

3.  All plant organs have been used for asexual reproduction, but stems are the most common.  In some species, stems arch over and take root at their tips, forming new plants.  The horizontal above-ground stems of the strawberry produce new daughter plants.

4.  This photo shows the leaves of the plant Bryophyllum. Mitosis along the leaf margins produces tiny plantlets that fall off and form new plants.Mitosis

5.  Some plants use their roots for asexual reproduction.  The dandelion is a common example.  Trees, such as the poplar or aspen, send up new stems from their roots. In time, an entire grove of trees may form — all part of a clone of the original tree.clone

6.  Commercially-important plants are often deliberately propagated by asexual means in order to keep particularly desirable traits (e.g., flower color, flavor, resistance to disease).  Cuttings may be taken from the parent and rooted.  Grafting is widely used to propagate a desired variety of shrub or tree. All apple varieties, for example, are propagated this way.

7.  In budding, offspring develop as a growth on the body of the parent.  In some species, e.g., jellyfishes and many echinoderms, the buds break away and take up an independent existence. In some species, e.g., jellyfishes and many echinoderms  In others, like corals, the buds remain attached to the parent and the process results in colonies of animals.corals  Budding is also common among parasitic animals, e.g., tapeworms.

8.  In parthenogenesis ("virgin birth"), the females produce eggs, but these develop into young without ever being fertilized.  Parthenogenesis occurs in some fishes, several kinds of insects, and a few species of frogs and lizards.

14.  You don’t have to waste all that time finding a mate. And you get to pass on all of your own genes!!!

15.  Sexual reproduction allows for greater diversity.  “Bad genes” can get covered up by good ones from the other parent.  Combinations of genes make it so organisms can better deal with changing environments.

16.  The cell cycle asexually produces new body cells for:  Repair  Replacement  Growth

17.  The cell cycle consists of three main parts.  Interphase  Mitosis  Cytokinesis

18.  During interphase, the cell is preparing to divide by making more organelles and copying its DNA.

19.  Mitosis is when the cell is actually making the new cells. It consists of 4 steps or phases.  Prophase  Metaphase  Anaphase  Telophase

20.  During prophase, the chromatin condenses into chromosomes.

21.  During metaphase, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

22.  Anaphase is when the chromosomes move to the opposite ends.

23.  In telophase, the chromosomes reach the opposite ends and the cell gets ready to actually split.

24.  During cytokinesis, the cell divides into two cells.

25.  Produces new body cells  Cell copies DNA once  Cell splits once  2 new (daughter) cells  Daughter cells the same as the parent cells  Daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells

26.  A different type of cell must be produced for sexual reproduction.  These different cell are called sex cells, or gametes  Egg = female gamete  Sperm = male gamete

27.  Since the gametes are going to unite to make a new organism, each gamete only needs to have half the genetic information as its parent cell.  In mitosis, the cell copied its DNA once and split once.  In making sex cells, the cell has to copy it’s DNA once and then split twice.

28.  The process of making gametes by copying the DNA once, and splitting twice is called meiosis.

29.  Produces gametes (Sex cells)  Cell copies DNA once  Cell splits twice  4 new (daughter) cells  Daughter cells different from parent cells  Daughter cells have the half the number of chromosomes as the parent cells

30. MITOSISMEIOSIS  Produces body cells  Cell copies DNA once  Cell splits once  2 new (daughter) cells  New cells the same as the parent cells  Daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells  Produces gametes  Cell copies DNA once  Cell splits twice  4 new (daughter) cells  New cells different from parent cells  Daughter cells have the half the number of chromosomes as the parent cells

31.  http://ron.outcrop.org/images/dandelions.jpg http://ron.outcrop.org/images/dandelions.jpg  http://www.jensartblog.com/uploaded_images/pathway_through_the_quaking_aspens-%28Small%29-793568.jpg http://www.jensartblog.com/uploaded_images/pathway_through_the_quaking_aspens-%28Small%29-793568.jpg  http://www.theflowerexpert.com/media/images/mostpopularflowers/roses/assorted-roses.jpg http://www.theflowerexpert.com/media/images/mostpopularflowers/roses/assorted-roses.jpg  http://h2o-mag.com/issue6/images_issue6/coral-01-copy.jpg http://h2o-mag.com/issue6/images_issue6/coral-01-copy.jpg  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOVd2DLE_0w http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOVd2DLE_0w  http://www.elasmodiver.com/Sharkive%20images/Bonnethead-shark-003.jpg  http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_StLk5qXxAv0/STyDpxr0TLI/AAAAAAAAAUs/0bdZZoDksnA/s400/tapeworm.jpg http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_StLk5qXxAv0/STyDpxr0TLI/AAAAAAAAAUs/0bdZZoDksnA/s400/tapeworm.jpg  http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/programs/exotic_ants/images/smaller/electric_ant.jpg http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/programs/exotic_ants/images/smaller/electric_ant.jpg  http://www.geocities.jp/ideryusei/marmorkrebs_blau_1.jpg http://www.geocities.jp/ideryusei/marmorkrebs_blau_1.jpg  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/36/Cnemidophorus-ThreeSpecies.jpg/260px-Cnemidophorus-ThreeSpecies.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/36/Cnemidophorus-ThreeSpecies.jpg/260px-Cnemidophorus-ThreeSpecies.jpg  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdX7wcoycuQ&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdX7wcoycuQ&feature=related  http://dummidumbwit.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/komodo_dragon-1.jpg http://dummidumbwit.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/komodo_dragon-1.jpg  http://skew.dailyskew.com/uploaded_images/komodo-dragon-731086.jpg http://skew.dailyskew.com/uploaded_images/komodo-dragon-731086.jpg  http://twelfthjen.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/how-to-end-a-bad-date-1.jpg http://twelfthjen.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/how-to-end-a-bad-date-1.jpg  http://delvecarahe.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/homer-clones.jpg http://delvecarahe.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/homer-clones.jpg  http://samismom22.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/loads_of_worms.jpg http://samismom22.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/loads_of_worms.jpg  http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/mitosis/whitefish_mitosis_interphase_X_400 _small.jpg http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/mitosis/whitefish_mitosis_interphase_X_400 _small.jpg  http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/mitosis/lateprophase.jpg http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/mitosis/lateprophase.jpg  http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit6/genetics/DNA/DNArep/images/metaphase1_ pc.jpg&imgrefurl=http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit6/genetics/DNA/DNArep/pcmetaphase.html&usg=__vpdn5EQkNkv3NY Q3Ys_BX_51ZqU=&h=270&w=360&sz=41&hl=en&start=4&sig2=W4syDm81YnC5BCAdNbiV6g&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=BPdNkm2cwZ3kZM:&tbnh =91&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmetaphase%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox- a%26rlz%3D1R1GGLL_en___US363%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1&ei=82tvS_HEHoreMd7MsN8Esa%3DN%26um%3D1&ei=82tvS_HEHoreMd7MsN8E  http://www.vtt.fi/kuvat/uutta/Cytokinesis_driven_by_Rab21.jpg  http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Mitosis/Allium_Root_Prep._Slides/telophase_cytokinesis.low.jpg  http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit6/genetics/DNA/DNArep/images/early_anaph ase1_pc.jpg&imgrefurl=http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit6/genetics/DNA/DNArep/pcanaphaseA.html&usg=__6ittd9CxuOI qGVNdT90YA6eFDbU=&h=270&w=360&sz=41&hl=en&start=3&sig2=nzPNOMhAd0Iiy4oOk5Gssg&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=9HdrVNA- SKYGuM:&tbnh=91&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Danaphase%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox- a%26rlz%3D1R1GGLL_en___US363%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1&ei=hmxvS_bAMJPENb-r_dUE26um%3D1&ei=hmxvS_bAMJPENb-r_dUE  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uh7c8YbYGqo&feature=related