1. Absolute Monarchs in Europe
Anna of Austria, Queen of France
( )
 Louis XIII of France ( )

3. ABSOLUTISM Omnipotent monarchs controlled every aspect of society

4. Charles I, being crowned by a hand from a cloud, possibly by God.
DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS:
Political and religious doctrine where a Monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the RIGHT TO RULE DIRECTLY FROM THE WILL OF GOD.
The king is not subject to the will of his people
Only God can judge an unjust king
“God hath power to create or destroy, make or unmake, at his pleasure; to give life or send death; to judge…and to be judged (by) none…And the like power have kings…”

5. “DIVINE RIGHT”
p. 160
Romans 13 is one of the passages quoted by those who talk about a ‘divine right of kings’ or a ‘heavenly right’.
“Let everyone be subject to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which God has established. The authorities that exist have been established by God.2 Consequently, whoever rebels against the authority is rebelling against what God has instituted, and those who do so will bring judgment on themselves. 3 For rulers hold no terror for those who do right, but for those who do wrong. Do you want to be free from fear of the one in authority? Then do what is right and you will be commended. 4 For the one in authority is God’s servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for rulers do not bear the sword for no reason. They are God’s servants, agents of wrath to bring punishment on the wrongdoer. 5 Therefore, it is necessary to submit to the authorities, not only because of possible punishment but also as a matter of conscience.”
6 This is also why you pay taxes, for the authorities are God’s servants, who give their full time to governing. 7 Give to everyone what you owe them: If you owe taxes, pay taxes; if revenue, then revenue; if respect, then respect; if honor, then honor.

6. Causes of ABSOLUTISM: Decline in feudalism Rise of cities
p. 161
Decline in feudalism
Rise of cities
Expanded national kingdoms
Growing middle class
Weakened church authority

7. Effects of ABSOLUTISM:
Increase in government and bureaucracy
Excessive religious, social and economic control caused social unrest
Larger military to enforce new laws
Heavier taxes to support expanded government services
Abuse of power, no checks and balances
Feelings of powerlessness among citizens

8. Political Essential Question:
Why did the absolute monarchs believe they were justified in exercising absolute power?

9. I. ABSOLUTE MONARCHS

10. CHARLES V RULED: SPANISH AMERICAS, AUSTRIA, NETHERLAND, PARTS OF ITALY
1500–1558
RULED: SPANISH AMERICAS, AUSTRIA, NETHERLAND,
PARTS OF ITALY
Elected HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR
CATHOLIC who fought Muslims and
Lutherans
Divided Spain’s empire:
Brother Ferdinand - Austria, Holy
Roman Empire
Son Philip II - Spain, Spanish America
p. 155

11. Charles V European Political Territory

12. Charles V’s European Religious Territory
Problem Area

13. PEACE OF AUGSBURG 1555:
RELIGIOUS TREATY between Charles V and German Lutherans
A ruler’s faith would determine state religion
TEMPORARILY ENDED THE RELIGIOUS STRUGGLE BETWEEN LUTHERANS AND CATHOLICS
Would eventually lead to the 30 Years War

14. The Religious Peace of Augsburg, 1555
“In order to bring peace to the Holy Roman Empire of the Germanic Nation between the Roman Imperial Majesty and the Electors, Princes and Estates, let neither his Imperial Majesty nor the Electors, Princes, etc., do any violence or harm to any estate of the empire on the account of the Augsburg Confession, but let them enjoy their religious belief, liturgy and ceremonies as well as their estates and other rights and privileges in peace; and complete religious peace shall be obtained only by Christian means of amity, or under threat of punishment of the Imperial ban.
Likewise let all the Estates and Princes who cling to the old religion live in absolute peace and in the enjoyment of all their estates, rights, and privileges.
The ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the Augsburg Confession, dogma, appointment of ministers, church ordinances, and ministries hitherto practiced shall from now cease and the Augsburg Confession shall be left to the free and untrammeled enjoyment of their religion, ceremonies, appointment of ministers.
No Estate shall try to persuade the subjects of other Estates to abandon their religion nor protect them against their own magistrates.
In case our subjects whether belonging to the old religion or the Augsburg confession should intend leaving their homes with their wives and children in order to settle in another, they shall be hindered neither in the sale of their estates after due payment of the local taxes nor injured in their honour.”

15. PHILIP II Added Portugal to Spanish crown
Added Portugal to Spanish crown
Built up Spanish world-wide holdings and wealth
Waged political and religious war with England
His SPANISH ARMADA was DEFEATED (1588) by English Queen Elizabeth 1
Left Spain DEFEATED and in debt due to English wars p

16. SIR FRANCIS DRAKE
1588
British Naval Commander who defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588

17. The Account of the Battle…
The Spanish Armada was dispatched by King Phillip II of Spain in attempt to invade England in 1588.
Queen Elizabeth I of England held the defeat of the armada as one of her greatest achievements, assisting the decline of the Spanish Empire.
The armada had a mission of both political and religious aims.
King Phillip decided he could not defeat the Dutch until he had defeated England first. Long time religious rivalry between Spain and England was hoped to be resolved by King Phillip in the dethroning of Queen Elizabeth, reconverting England to Catholicism. Spanish Fleet: 130 ships and more than 30,000 men
Ships were set on fire to be sent against the armada, producing a panic that broke the Spanish formation.
The Spanish were defeated by England and the armada sailed home with remaining ships that were heavily damaged to Spain; 67 of the original 130 ships reached Spain, most in poor condition.
The War between England and Spain lasted until 1604, despite the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Yet the defeat brought about English nationalism, securing Protestantism as England’s state religion. In contrast, for Spain it was a humiliating defeat, nearly destroying the national treasury of Spain.

18. Essential Question:
What is the significance of the defeat of the Spanish Armada?
Politically?
Economically?

19. ELIZABETH I Established the CHURCH OF ENGLAND
Established the CHURCH OF ENGLAND
Turned the Scots into permanent allies
DEFEATED SPANISH ARMADA
Expanded England overseas
BROUGHT PEACE AND PROSPERITY, increased foreign trade and exploration, and a flourishing literary culture

20. “The Virgin Queen“ Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
Came to the throne on the death of her half-sister, Mary I
Despite receiving many proposals of marriage, Elizabeth remained single
Solidified Church of England

21. Queen Elizabeth’s Victory Speech
“My loving people, we have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourselves to armed multitudes for fear of treachery. Let tyrants fear. I have always so behaved myself that, under God, I have placed my chief strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and goodwill of my subjects. And therefore I am come amongst you all, as you see at this time, not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved, in the midst and heat of the battle, to live or die amongst you all; to lay down for my God, and for my kingdom, and for my people, my honor and my blood, even in the dust. I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and a king of England too! And think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any Prince of Europe, should dare to invade the borders of my realm!”

22. JAMES I Son of Mary, Queen of Scots Succeeded Elizabeth I
Son of Mary, Queen of Scots 
Succeeded Elizabeth I 
Balanced religious divisions
Ruled England, Scotland and Ireland together under one ruler for the first time (UK)
COMMISSIONED 'KING JAMES' TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE (1611).
Financial incompetence and immoral behavior ruined his reign
The Stuarts were the first kings of the United Kingdom. King James I of England who began the period was also King James VI of Scotland, thus combining the two thrones for the first time.

23. James I: The Kristin Stewart of Kings

24. CHARLES I The son of James I Believed in Divine Right of Kings
The son of James I
Believed in Divine Right of Kings
Greatest of all British royal art patrons and collectors ….but….
CAUSED CIVIL WAR BY DISMISSING PARLIAMENT, IMPOSING TAXES AND FORCING RELIGIOUS UNIFORMITY
Defeated , tried as a traitor and was BEHEADED

25. ENGLISH CIVIL WAR
Series of armed conflicts over Charles I’s political and religious ruling rights
Fought between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers)

26. CAVALIERS Loyal to King Charles I during the English Civil War
Also known as “ROYALISTS” who claimed absolute power and the divine right of kings
Wore long, curly wigs, wore knee high leather boots, and hats with plumes

27. ROUNDHEADS Supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War
Also known as “PARLIAMENTARIANS”, they fought against King Charles I and his supporters
Puritans who wore their hair closely cropped, in contrast to the men of courtly fashion with their long wigs

28. OLIVER CROMWELL
Lead Parliamentarians to victory in the English Civil War
Imposed “martial law” and ruled as a MILITARY DICTATOR over the British Commonwealth
A strict Puritan who even banned Christmas

29. CHARLES II 1660-1685 RESTORED THE MONARCHY
Led court with liveliness and hedonism
Brought normality after ten years of puritan rule
Instituted HABEAS CORPUS Act

30. “THE MERRY MONARCH”

31. JAMES II CATHOLIC ENGLISH KING
CATHOLIC ENGLISH KING
OVERTHROWN by Netherlands Protestant king and queen William and Mary in bloodless GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

32. GLORIOUS REVOLUTION 1688
Permanently ended any chance of Catholicism becoming re-established in England
PUNISHED CATHOLICS: denied the right to vote and sit in the Westminster Parliament for over a century and the monarch was forbidden to be Catholic or to marry a Catholic
Catholics were also denied commissions in the army

33. WILLIAM and MARY
LIMITED ROYAL POWER by becoming a Constitutional Monarchy (MAGNA CARTA)
Drafted ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS 1689
Established Cabinet System: government ministers representing/acting on behalf of major party
Mary was the daughter of james II

34. MAGNA CARTA 1215 Limited royal power Ensured feudal rights
First FORMAL DOCUMENT stating that the monarch was as much under the rule of law as his people, and that the rights of individuals were to be upheld even against the wishes of the sovereign
King John

35. ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS 1689

36. HENRY IV 1st BOURBON AND PROTESTANT KING
1st BOURBON AND PROTESTANT KING
CONVERTED TO CATHOLICISM to restore French strength and heal religious divisions
Signed EDICT OF NANTES 1598: protected Protestant religious freedom
Son Louis XIII inherits throne, but gives power to minister Richelieu
Louis XIII

37. CARDINAL RICHELIEU
Politically ambitious, CATHOLIC MINISTER under Louis XIII
Suppressed Protestant independence
Increased government power by weakening nobility
Involved France in 30 YEARS WAR against Spain, Austria, Netherlands

38. THIRTY YEARS WAR
CONFLICT OVER RELIGION/TERRITORY among European ruling families
German Lutherans joined together against Catholics/Calvinists
REDUCED GERMAN POPULATION BY 4 MILLION
RUINED GERMAN ECONOMY/TRADE/AGRICULTURE
Weakened Holy Roman Empire
Marked beginning modern state system: equal, independent European nation-states

39. THIRTY YEARS WAR ( )

40. TREATY OF WESTPHALIA 1648 ENDED 30 YEARS WAR
Gave Germany religious independence (no longer part of Holy Roman Empire)
ENDED RELIGIOUS WARS IN EUROPE
Introduced new peace negotiation method, all stakeholders/participants involved in terms

41. Signing of the Treaty of Westphalia, 1648

42. Europe AFTER the 30 Years War

43. LOUIS XIV
72 year reign
Increased wealth/trading power through MERCANTILISM
Strengthened military
Lived an excessive, luxurious lifestyle

44. MERCANTILISM
Promoted by Louis XIV’s finance minister Jean Baptiste Colbert
ECONOMIC POLICY BASED UPON SELF-SUFFICIENCY
More exported goods, few imported goods
High import taxes/tariffs
Manufacture goods domestically

45. “THE SUN KING”
Palace of Versailles

46. MARIA THERESA Strong , religious, AUSTRIAN EMPRESS
Strong , religious, AUSTRIAN EMPRESS
Lost War of Austrian Succession (1740) : Austria allied with England to fight against Prussian aggression/expansion
Fought SEVEN YEARS WAR
Improved conditions for laborers
Mother of Marie Antoinette

47. SEVEN YEARS WAR :
EUROPEAN LAND CONFLICT FOUGHT ON 3 CONTINENTS:
Austria allies with France, Russia
Prussia allies with Britain and attacks France (Saxony)
FRANCE LOST AMERICAN COLONIES
BRITAIN GAINED INDIAN FOOTHOLD

48. SEVEN YEARS WAR :

49. FREDERICK THE GREAT MILITARY KING OF PRUSSIA (Germany)
MILITARY KING OF PRUSSIA (Germany)
Highly militarized society
Aggressive territorial expansion policies led to WAR OF AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION
Encouraged religious tolerance/legal reforms/the arts

50. IVAN IV FIRST RUSSIAN CZAR (Caesar) Married Anastasia Romanov
FIRST RUSSIAN CZAR (Caesar)
Married Anastasia Romanov
Expanded Russian territory eastward
Created just code of laws
After Anastasia’s death, BECAME PARANOID TYRANT
Had secret police murder enemies

51. “IVAN THE TERRIBLE” Grand Prince of Moscow
Crushed power of Russian nobility
Turned Russia from a medieval nation state to a world empire
Completely altered governmental structure
Killed eldest son, leaving no strong heir

52. PETER I ROMANOV Russian Ruler 7' tall, loud-mouthed, violent, ruthless
ROMANOV Russian Ruler
7' tall, loud-mouthed, violent, ruthless
Adopted European policies/customs
MODERNIZED manufacturing/military
Expanded territory, gaining new ports to foster economy/trade/travel
MOVED CAPITOL from Moscow to St. Petersburg
Created centralized Russian Orthodox Church

53. "PETER THE GREAT"
•Transformed Russia into 3 billion acre empire •Modernized military, education system, building the first universities in Russia •Introduced Western practices, customs, and manners, still practiced today *Taxed men that had beards and forced the people to wear western style clothes.

54. The Expansion of RUSSIA Under PETER the GREAT

55. CATHERINE II
“ENLIGHTENED EMPRESS OF RUSSIA” •Made Russia one of the great powers of Europe •Gained WARM WATER PORT on Black Sea •ADDED 200,000 SQ MI to Russian territories •Brought new ideas of liberty & equality •Began "Age of Enlightenism" •Last of great absolute monarchs

56. “CATHERINE THE GREAT”