1. US History II Standard Four Students will understand how war affected the early 20th century.

2. US History II Standard Four: Objective I Objective 1: Investigate how the United States became involved in imperialism and the Spanish- American War. a. Determine the economic, social, and military affects of United States imperialism. b. Examine the cause, course, and consequences of the Spanish-American War. c. Assess how America’s imperialism altered relationships with the Far East and Latin America.

3. Objective Two Objective 2: Examine how World War I affected the military and the home front of the United States. a. Identify major causes of World War I and the United States’ involvement and influence in the war; e.g., Wilson’s Fourteen Points, the Versailles Treaty. b. Determine the reasons the United States Senate refused to join the League of Nations. c. Examine the impact World War I had on the United States; e.g., government policy, industrial might, civil liberties.

4. Hawaii In the mid-1800s, British and French governments began negotiations with Hawaii to gain economic privileges. Fearful that Hawaii would become a territory of one of these nations, the United States signed a treaty with its Pacific neighbors to declare a friendly relationship. In the years following the declaration, the United States began holding more and more of an economic stake in Hawaii as American plantation owners became a dominating force in the Hawaiian sugar cane economy. When Queen Liliuokalani tried to increase the powers of the royal family and take Hawaii back for the natives, American-Hawaiians (who, at the time, represented a large portion of the population) and the United States government fought back and eventually annexed Hawaii in 1898, which was later declared a state in 1959.

5. US Imperialism By the time the United States got serious about looking beyond its own borders to conquer new lands, much of the world had already been claimed. Only a few distant territories in Africa and Asia and remote islands in the Pacific remained free from imperial grasp. Hawaii was one such area. Missionaries in search of converts were some of the first foreign inhabitants of Hawaii, but Americans did not acquired a true foothold in Hawaii until the US gained a hold of substantial financial control of the Hawaiian sugar trade in the late 1800’s.

6. Tax on Sugar Imports American policy in the late 1800’s introduced a new tariff on imports of sugar. This meant that Hawaiian sugar plantation owners, most of whom were American by this time could not make a profit on the sugar they sold in America. If; however, the US would annex Hawaii (make it its own) these plantation owners would not have to pay the tariff (tax on imported goods).

7. Queen Liliuokalani’s Reign At that time, the Hawaiian throne had been passed to Queen Liliuokalani, who determined that the root of Hawaii's problems was foreign interference. She was determined to return control of Hawaii to native Hawaiians, and to undo many of the treaties, giving US control of trade in Hawaii, that her brother Kalakaua had approved.

8. Sugar Planter’s Coup As a result of concern for their profits from the Hawaiian sugar trade, American sugar planters staged an uprising to overthrow Queen Liliuokalani. The sugar planters did not have the the backing of the government of the United States, so had to at the same time appeal to the United States armed forces for protection. President Cleveland did not support the sugar planters; however, American sentiment favored the annexation of Hawaii. As a result, supporters waited until President McKinley was in office. He signed the annexation of Hawaii in 1898, largely as a result of the US’s desire to establish a military base in the Pacific, a strategic location against the Spanish and the newly developing Spanish-American War.

9. Queen Liliuokalani’s Legacy In 1893, to avoid physical conflict, Queen Liliuokalani yielded her throne and signed a formal abdication in exchange for pardoning of all of her supporters who were imprisoned after the revolt. In 1895; however, she was imprisoned for eight months in ‘Iolani Palace for her alleged knowledge of a counter revolutionary attempt by her supporters. She denied the allegations. She was eventually released and spent the remainder of her years in service to her fellow Hawaiians. She died on November 11, 1917.

10. To Avoid any Collision of Armed Forces I, Liliuokalani, by the grace of God and under the constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Queen, do hereby solemnly protest against any and all acts done against myself and the constitutional Government of the Hawaiian Kingdom by certain persons claiming to have established a Provisional Government of and for this Kingdom. That I yield to the superior force of the United States of America, whose minister plenipotentiary, His Excellency John L. Stevens, has caused United States troops to be landed at Honolulu and declared that he would support the said Provisional Government. Now, to avoid any collision of armed forces, and perhaps the loss of life, I do, under this protest and impelled by said forces, yield my authority until such time as the Government of the United States shall, upon the facts being presented to it, undo the action of its representative and reinstate me in the authority which I claim as the constitutional sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands. Done at Honolulu, this 17th day of January, A. D. 1893. (Signed) Liliuokalani R. (Signed) Samuel Parker, Minister of Foreign Affairs. (Signed) Wm. H. Cornwell, Minister of Finance. (Signed) John F. Colburn, Minister of Interior. (Signed) A. P. Peterson, Attorney-General. (Addressed) To S. B. Dole, Esq., and others composing the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands.

11. Expansion By the early 20th century, many Americans believed the U.S. had to expand. An increase in US population, wealth, and industrial production demanded more resources. America wanted more raw materials and markets in which to sell their goods. Some feared existing resources in the U.S. might eventually dry up

12. Foreign Trade Foreign trade was becoming increasingly important to American economy in late 19th c. Americans considered acquiring new colonies to expand markets further. There was a desire to compete with Europe for overseas empires. Between 1870 and 1900, Europeans had taken over 1/5 of land and 1/10 of the population of the world.

13. Imperialism Germany became America’s biggest imperialist foe and largely spurred U.S. into imperialism; Germany sought colonies in Africa, Asia, Latin America & Caribbean. The U.S. believed it could not afford to lose potential resources and markets to foreign governments. It had to expand or lose strength to the expansion of foreign powers like England, France and Germany.

14. Spiritually Enlightened Many believed it was the responsibility of a spiritually enlightened America to spread religion & democratic values to backward peoples.

15. Social Darwinism There were proponents of Social Darwinism who proposed that Earth belonged to the strong and fit. Stronger nations dominating weak ones was part of natural law. If the U.S. was to survive in competition of modern states, it too would have to become an imperial power.

16. Control of the Sea Men in power believed that control of the sea was the key to world dominance. They believed the U.S. should build a large navy and build defensive bases and refueling stations strategically placed throughout the world’s oceans. Part of this belief included the strategic taking over of the Hawaiian and other Pacific islands and advocated the U.S. building of a canal across the isthmus of Central America to link Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

17. 90% of Africa Seven European nations controlled over 90% of the continent. Africa was an economic gold mine, sometimes quite literally with gold in South Africa, diamonds, rubber, and coffee.

18. Spanish American War Apr 1898 It was a conflict between Spain and the United States. The main issue was Cuban independence. The 10 week war was fought both in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The Spanish American war was the first war fought overseas by the United States, though the U.S. had supported the ongoing struggle of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines for independence against Spanish rule.

19. Cuba The war originated in the Cuban struggle for independence from Spain, which began in February 1895. Spain's brutally repressive measures to halt the rebellion were graphically portrayed for the U.S. public by several sensational newspapers, and American sympathy for the rebels rose.

20. Battleship USS Maine The growing popular demand for U.S. intervention exploded after the unexplained sinking in the Havana, Cuba harbor of the battleship USS Maine on Feb. 15, 1898, which had been sent to protect U.S. citizens and property after anti-Spanish rioting in Havana. The U.S. Congress soon afterward issued resolutions that declared Cuba's right to independence, demanded the withdrawal of Spain's armed forces from the island, and authorized the President's use of force to secure that withdrawal, while renouncing any U.S. design for annexing Cuba.

21. War Spain declared war on the United States on April 24, followed by a U.S. declaration of war on the 25th, which was made retroactive to April 21. The ensuing war was pathetically one-sided, since Spain had readied neither its army nor its navy for a distant war with the formidable power of the United States.

22. Manila Bay The Battle of Manila Bay The Battle of Manila Bay occurred on the morning of May 1, 1898, only days after war had been declared between Spain and the United States. The objective of the American forces was to attack, and hopefully destroy, the Spanish forces in the Pacific. This would protect the American Pacific coast, and keep the Spanish forces in Cuba from being reinforced. The battle was a complete victory. It ended any threat from the Spanish naval forces involved. All major Spanish ships were destroyed or captured, without any significant damage occurring to the American Forces. No American lives were lost in the battle.

23. Dying from Disease Although the US defeated the Spanish army, disease came close to defeating the US Army. Malaria, typhoid, dysentery, and yellow fever were plaguing American troops who were fighting in the tropics for the first time. In all, while the Spanish only killed about 400 American soldiers, around 5,000 US soldiers died from disease.

24. Treaty of Paris The Treaty of Paris which was signed Dec. 10, 1898 officially ended the Spanish-American War. Spain renounced all claim to Cuba, ceded Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States, and transferred sovereignty over the Philippines to the United States for $20,000,000. Cuba became formally independent in 1902.

25. US Interest in the Phillipines The US sought colonies as outlets for their finished goods and as sources of raw materials for their extractive economies. American imperialists, though, wanted colonies that would serve to keep foreign markets accessible and open, not colonies that would be the markets themselves. The Philippines (colonies of Spain at the time) were important not only for a population of 7 million, but because the islands provided room for a naval base from which the US could protect its business interests in Japan and China.

26. Annex The decision by U.S. policymakers to annex the Philippines was not without domestic controversy. Americans who advocated annexation evinced a variety of motivations: desire for commercial opportunities in Asia, concern that the Filipinos were incapable of self- rule, and fear that if the United States did not take control of the islands, another power (such as Germany or Japan) might do so.

27. Role in America Meanwhile, American opposition to U.S. colonial rule of the Philippines came in many forms, ranging from those who thought it morally wrong for the United States to be engaged in colonialism, to those who feared that annexation might eventually permit the non-white Filipinos to have a role in American national government.

28. Commonwealth In 1935, the Philippines was granted commonwealth status, meaning they could self-govern. Plans for independence over the next decade were interrupted by World War II when the Japanese Empire invaded and established a puppet government in the Philippines. Many atrocities and war crimes were committed during the war such as the Bataan Death March and the Manila massacre that culminated during the Battle of Manila. Allied troops defeated the Japanese in 1945. By the end of the war it is estimated over a million Filipinos had died. On July 4, 1946, the Philippines attained its independence.[

29. Boxer Rebellion In spring of 1900, Boxers (made up of Chinese religious minded men) attacked Western missionaries and traders in northern China, killing more than 200 people. The uprising was supported by some government officials.. One of the causes of the rebellion was Chinese discontent was the Christian missionaries, both Protestant and Catholic, who came to China in ever increasing numbers. The exemption of missionaries from various laws angered the local Chinese. In addition, China had been suffering from extreme natural disasters, including draught and then mass flooding which caused food shortages and other difficulties.

30. Response to Boxer Rebellion Foreign countries responded by sending troops to China. After eight weeks, the international force rescued the foreigners. A number of countries: Austria- Hungary, Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Russia and the United States formed what was called the Eight-Nation Alliance and fought against China’s rebellion.

31. Roosevelt Corollary The Roosevelt Corollary was an extension of the Monroe Doctrine. President Teddy Roosevelt's extension of 1904 asserted a right of the US to intervene to stabilize the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America and was used essentially to keep Europe out of the affairs of the area.

32. Right to Exercise Force The Roosevelt Corollary argued that the United States had the right to exercise military force in Latin American countries in order to keep European countries out.

33. Historical Perspective Historian Walter LaFeber wrote: Under the doctrine, [the United States] could exercise police power to keep the Europeans out of Latin America and the Caribbean. It becomes very important, because over the next 15 to 20 years, the United States will move into Latin America about a dozen times with military force; it leads the United States into a period of confrontation with peoples in the Caribbean and Central America, that was a really important part of American imperialism. U.S. Presidents cited the Roosevelt Corollary as justification for U.S. intervention in Cuba (1906–1909), Nicaragua (1909–1910, 1912–1925 and 1926–1933), Haiti (1915–1934), and the Dominican Republic (1916–1924).

34. Panama Canal The Panama Canal is a 48 mile ship canal in Panama that joins the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific ocean. It is a key conduit for international maritime trade.

35. Under Columbian Control Since 1819, Panama had been part of the federation and country of Colombia, but when Colombia rejected the United States’ plans to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, the U.S. supported a revolution. This led to the independence of Panama in 1903 and in 1904 the transferring of ownership of the area for the future Panama Canal to US control.

36. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty The Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty was a treaty signed by the United States and Panama, that established the Panama Canal Zone and the subsequent construction of the Panama Canal.

37. Building of the Canal Although the French had attempted construction of a canal in the 1880s, the Panama Canal was successfully built by the United States from 1904 to 1914. The U.S. held the area land running the approximately 50 miles across the isthmus of Panama, the area of the canal.

38. Walter Reed and Malaria Walter Reed, a pathologist and biologist working for the US Army, began groundbreaking work into the causes of yellow fever that began as a result of the Spanish-American War. Previously, it had been believed that the fever was spread through material like clothing and bedding. Reed discovered that yellow fever was actually caused by a certain mosquito's bite. The discovery of a way to eliminate mosquito infestation with chemical sprays virtually made possible the building of the Panama Canal, which had been previously deemed impossible because of deaths of workers from yellow fever

40. The Canal The canal makes the trip from the east coast to the west coast of the U.S. much shorter than the route taken around the tip of South America prior to 1914. Though traffic continues to increase through the canal, many oil supertankers and military battleships and aircraft carriers can not fit through the canal. There's even a class of ships known as "Panamax," those built to the maximum capacity of the Panama canal and its locks. It takes approximately fifteen hours to traverse the canal through its three sets of locks (about half the time is spent waiting due to traffic). Ships passing through the canal from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean actually move from the northwest to the southeast, due to the east-west orientation of the Isthmus of Panama.

41. Control of the Canal Zone US control of the canal zone of Panama caused tension throughout the twentieth century. Additionally, the self-contained Canal Zone (the official name for the U.S. territory in Panama) contributed little to the Panamanian economy. The residents of the Canal Zone were primarily U.S. citizens and West Indians who worked in the Zone and on the canal.

43. Protests in 1960’s Anger flared in the 1960s and led to anti- American riots. The U.S. and Panamanian governments began to work together to solve the territorial issue. In 1977, U.S. President Jimmy Carter signed a treaty which agreed to return 60% of the Canal Zone to Panama in 1979. The canal and remaining territory, known as the Canal Area, was returned to Panama at noon (local Panama time) on December 31, 1999.

45. Puerto Rico

46. Last Two Spanish Colonies Throughout most of the 19th century until the conclusion of the Spanish–American War, Puerto Rico and Cuba were the last two Spanish colonies in the New World; they served as Spain's final outposts in a strategy to regain control of the American continents. These two possessions, however, had been demanding more autonomy and had pro-independence movements since the start of the movements in 1808.

47. Commonwealth Territory In 1898, during the Spanish–American war, Puerto Rico was invaded and subsequently became a possession of the United States. Puerto Rico is a commonwealth (unincorporated dependent territory) of the United States, even today. Puerto Ricans gained full U.S. citizenship in 1917, when the island became a U.S. territory. Much of the population moved from rural areas to the cities, as the importance of industry grew. Starting in the 1920s, Puerto Ricans began traveling to cities such as New York looking for employment. Currently, the future of Puerto Rico is hotly debated. Will it become a state? Gain independence? Remain a commonwealth? What do you think is the best option for Puerto Rico?

48. Dollar Diplomacy It was a term used to describe the effort of the United States, particularly under President William Howard Taft to further its aims in Latin America and east Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries. It was the policy of actively encouraging American investments abroad with the object not only of earning profits but of promoting economic and political stability in the areas of investment and thereby world peace. As Taft put it, he was substituting "dollars for bullets."

49. Standard 4: Objective 2 Objective 2: Examine how World War I affected the military and the home front of the United States. a. Identify major causes of World War I and the United States’ involvement and influence in the war; e.g., Wilson’s Fourteen Points, the Versailles Treaty. b. Determine the reasons the United States Senate refused to join the League of Nations. c. Examine the impact World War I had on the United States; e.g., government policy, industrial might, civil liberties.

50. WWI Begins in Europe World War I began on July 28, 1914, when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Serbians had assassinated the heir to the throne in Austria- Hungary, because he was proposing making part of his empire areas that were largely populated by Serbian people. This seemingly small conflict between two countries spread rapidly: soon, Germany, Russia, Great Britain, and France were all drawn into the war, largely because they were involved in treaties that obligated them to defend certain other nations.

51. Central vs. Allied The Central Powers — Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey), also Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq) were up against the Allied Powers — principally Great Britain, France, Russia, and Serbia, also Belgium, Japan, Italy)

53. Japan Japan joined the Allied cause in August 1914, in hopes of seizing German possessions in the Pacific and expanding Japanese influence in China.

54. Italy Italy entered the war in 1915 on the side of Britain and France, because they had agreed to Italian territorial demands in a secret treaty (the Treaty of London).

55. US In and Russia Out In 1917, the United States, angered by attacks upon its ships in the Atlantic, declared war on Germany. Then, in November, the Bolshevik Revolution (which led to Lenin’s Communist Russia) prompted Russia to pull out of the war.

56. Offensives Although both sides launched renewed offensives in 1918 in an all-or-nothing effort to win the war, both efforts failed. A deadly outbreak of influenza (the flu), meanwhile, took heavy tolls on soldiers of both sides.

57. Trench Warfare The middle part of the war, 1916 and 1917, was dominated by continued trench warfare in both the east and the west. Soldiers fought from dug-in positions, striking at each other with machine guns, heavy artillery, and chemical weapons. Though soldiers died by the millions in brutal conditions, neither side had any substantive success or gained any advantage.

62. Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points were first outlined in a speech Wilson gave to the American Congress in January 1918. Wilson's Fourteen Points became the basis for a peace program, and it was on the back of the Fourteen Points that Germany and her allies agreed to an armistice in November 1918. Wilson was awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize, for his peace-making efforts.

63. Points #1 through #7 1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at"). 2. Free navigation of all seas. 3. An end to all economic barriers between countries. 4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers. 5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial 6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be left to develop her own political set-up. 7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.

64. Points #8 through #14 8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine (territory). 9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to "along clearly recognizable lines of nationality." 10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary. 11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed for the Balkan states. 12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern themselves. 13. An independent Poland should be created which should have access to the sea. 14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political and territorial independence of all states.

65. Fourteen Points vs. Treaty of Versailles President Wilson became physically ill at the beginning of the Paris Peace Conference, giving way to French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau to advance demands substantially different from Wilson's Fourteen Points. The result was the Treaty of Versailles which attributed the blame for the war on the nation of Germany, known as the War Guilt Clause and added large amounts of reparations (pay back for war costs) Resentment over these changes and the blaming of Germany according to historians led to the rise of Nazi Germany and WWII.

66. War Ended The war ended in the late fall of 1918, after the member countries of the Central Powers signed armistice agreements one by one. Austria-Hungary was broken up into several smaller countries. Germany, under the Treaty of Versailles, was severely punished with hefty economic reparations, territorial losses, and strict limits on its rights to develop militarily.

67. Post-War Borders The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, determined post-war borders from Europe to the Middle East, established the League of Nations as an international peace organization and punished Germany for its aggression with reparations and the loss of territory.

68. Treaty of Versailles

69. Alsace Lorraine, captured by Germany in 1870, was returned to France. The Saar, an important German coalfield, was to be given to France for 15 years, after which a plebiscite would decide ownership. Poland became an independent country with a 'route to the sea', a corridor of land cutting Germany in two. Danzig, a major port in East Prussia (Germany) was to be under international rule. All German and Turkish Colonies were taken away and put under Allied control. Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Czechoslovakia were made independent. Austria-Hungary was split up and Yugoslavia was created. Treaty of Versailles: Territories (selected points)_

70. Treaty of Versailles: Arms (selected points) The left bank of the Rhine was to be occupied by Allied forces and the right bank demilitarized. The German army was cut to 100,000 men. Wartime weapons were to be scrapped. The German Navy was cut to 36 ships and no submarines. Germany was banned from having an Air Force An anschluss (union) between Germany and Austria was banned.

71. How Europe Changed http://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome03/index.php

73. Map After WWI

74. League of Nations The League of Nations came into being after the end of World War One. The League of Nation's task was simple - to ensure that war never broke out again. After the turmoil caused by the Versailles Treaty, many looked to the League to bring stability to the world.

75. Switzerland The League of Nations was to be based in Geneva, Switzerland. This choice was natural as Switzerland was a neutral country and had not fought in World War One. No one could dispute this choice especially as an international organization such as the Red Cross was already based in Switzerland.

76. Germany Germany was not allowed to join the League in 1919. As Germany had started the war, according to the Treaty of Versailles, one of her punishments was that she was not considered to be a member of the international community and, therefore, she was not invited to join.

77. Russia Russia was also not allowed to join as in 1917, she had a communist government that generated fear in western Europe, and in 1918, the Russian royal family - the Romanovs - was murdered. Such a country could not be allowed to take its place in the League.

78. US Isolationism Many people in the US wanted to stay out of the problems of Europe, and concentrate on getting back to normal after the war. This was called ‘Isolationism’. America didn't want to have to ship its troops half way across the world for disputes that didn't concern them. It didn't want to risk its economy or any more American lives after the losses of WWI. Although President Wilson had advocated for the League of Nations, the Republicans wanted to return to Isolationism - being an independent country and not involving itself in other countries affairs. The US therefore refused to sign its agreement to the League of Nations and did not join.

79. Little Success The League of Nations’ ineffectiveness was revealed by its incapability of dealing with nations which were starting conflicts and wars. Perhaps as a direct consequence of its ineffectiveness, the world fought the Second World War, starting on September 1, 1939, when Germany invaded Poland. The League of Nations ceased to exist in 1946; however, its efforts led the way for the United Nations of today.

80. Excessive Punishment Leads to WWII Many historians, in hindsight, believe that the Allies were excessive in their punishment of Germany and that the harsh Treaty of Versailles actually planted the seeds of World War II, rather than foster peace. Tragically, the instability caused by World War I would help make possible the rise of Nazi leader Adolf Hitler and would, only two decades later, lead to a second devastating international conflict.

81. The United Nations The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights. For more information: http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/index.shtml

82. Currently There are currently 192 Members of the United Nations. They meet in the General Assembly, which is the closest thing to a world parliament. Each country, large or small, rich or poor, has a single vote, however, none of the decisions taken by the Assembly are binding. Nevertheless, the Assembly's decisions become resolutions that carry the weight of world governmental opinion.

83. Headquarters The United Nations Headquarters is in New York City but the land and buildings are international territory. The United Nations has its own flag, its own post office and its own postage stamps. Six official languages are used at the United Nations - Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. The UN European Headquarters is in the Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland. It has offices in Vienna, Austria and Economic Commissions in Addis Ababa in Ethiopia, Amman in Jordan, Bangkok in Thailand and Santiago in Chile. The senior officer of the United Nations Secretariat is the Secretary-General.

84. Resolve Conflicts The United Nations is not a world government and it does not make laws. It does, however, provide the means to help resolve international conflicts and formulate policies on matters affecting all of us. At the UN, all the Member States — large and small, rich and poor, with differing political views and social systems — have a voice and a vote in this process.

85. Six Parts The United Nations has six main organs. Five of them — the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the Secretariat — are based at UN Headquarters in New York. The sixth, the International Court of Justice, is located at The Hague in the Netherlands.

86. How it Works Check out this quick YouTube video prepared by RMIT University: How does the United Nations work? (excellent) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QoIafzc0k74 United Nations for Kids http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0baMsmuR29Q http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evVmysydR-k

87. c. Examine the impact World War I had on the United States; e.g., government policy, industrial might, civil liberties.

88. Civil Liberties War time brought new changes to civil liberties. New laws were enacted that required military service and limited anti-war sentiment.

89. Selective Service Act 1917 The Selective Service Act of 1917 was set up to place each man in his proper niche in a national war effort. The act established a "liability for military service of all male citizens"; authorized a selective draft of all those between twenty-one and thirty-one years of age (later from eighteen to forty-five); and prohibited all forms of bounties, substitutions, or purchase of exemptions. Administration was entrusted to local boards composed of leading civilians in each community. These boards issued draft calls in order of numbers drawn in a national lottery and determined exemptions. In 1917 and 1918 some 24 million men were registered and nearly 3 million inducted into the military services.

90. Espionage Act 1917 The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 attempted to punish enemy activity and extended to the punishment expressions of doubt about America's role in the war. The Sedition Act criminalized any expression of opinion that used "disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive language" about the U.S. government, flag or armed forces. Government police action, private vigilante groups and public war hysteria compromised the civil liberties of many Americans who disagreed with Wilson's policies.

91. American Protective League The private American Protective League, working with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, was one of many private patriotic associations that sprang up to support the war and at the same time identified slackers, spies, draft dodgers and anti-war organizations.

92. The US Produces War Goods Although the US had at first declared neutrality by 1918, the US had mobilized its economy and manpower in support of Word War I. The US contributed over 4,000,000 military personnel and suffered 110,000 deaths, including 43,000 due to the influenza pandemic. WWI prompted a dramatic expansion of the US government in an effort to harness the war effort and a significant increase in the size of the US military. Entry into the war in 1917 unleashed massive U.S. federal spending which shifted national production from civilian to war goods.

93. USS North Carolina

94. USS Ericson

95. War Goods Shipbuilding increased at an amazing rate, increasing employment under government direction. Industrial production increased about 20 percent. By the end of the war, Americans had turned out a half-million rifles, 3.5 billion bullets, and 20 million artillery shells. In October 1917 Congress passed the War Revenue Act, which raised income taxes, and there were some increases on corporations, alcohol, and cigarette taxes. The government also sold Liberty Bonds, which is similar to loaning money to the government - 21 million Americans participated!

96. Work or Fight The National War Labor Board was created to deal with disputes between management and labor. A popular slogan was "Work or Fight". Labor leaders pledged their support for the war effort, and union membership rose.

97. Patriotic Feelings The Committee on Public Information was created to garner support for the war. The government called on people's patriotic feelings in order to gain support

98. Defense Bonds Defense Bonds or War Bonds as they were known as after WWII were first introduced during World War I. They were known as Liberty Bonds. Citizens would purchase bonds from the federal government. At a designated date, citizens could redeem their bonds for the purchase price plus interest. It was a way for the govenrment to raise money for World War I.

99. Slacker Slogans abounded, such as "Buy Bonds Till It Hurts" and "Come Across or the Kaiser Will." Anyone who did not support the war effort was called a "slacker." Strong-arm tactics, with threats of being picked up by the "slacker wagon" or being ridiculed in public, were used to force citizens to buy bonds.

105. Economize The Food Administration under Herbert Hoover launched a massive campaign to teach Americans to economize on their food budgets and grow the victory gardens in their backyards. It managed the nation's food distribution and prices.[

106. Food One of the most important tasks on the home front was to produce enough food not only for the soldiers in Europe and in the United States, but for American families and starving people in Allied nations. Thousands of Americans went to work on farms, increasing the nation's agricultural output by 25%.

107. Victory Gardens President Wilson started the Food Administration, guided by Herbert Hoover. The administrations raised crop prices to encourage production. Hoover also favored voluntary assistance, asking Americans to "Use All left-overs" and have "Wheatless Mondays and Wednesdays", "Meatless Tuesdays", and "Porkless Thursdays". Americans were also encouraged to plant “Liberty or Victory Gardens" at home for their own personal use - there was even one at the White House

110. Women of Gates Rubber Company Liberty Garden 1914

111. Liberty Garden Outside Chicago

112. Liberty Garden outside Rochester, New York

113. Liberty Garden in Cleveland, Ohio

114. Women and African-Americans After America entered into the war in Europe, thousands of men were deployed overseas, and a great portion of that number was killed. With so many casualties and many more men serving abroad, the brunt of the production in factories were left to the women and African-Americans left in the U.S.

115. Factory Work for Women From the production of ammunition and military products to household goods, about one million women worked long hours in factories fulfilling the jobs usually held for men only.

116. Given a Chance Women were given a chance to do many different kinds of jobs that they were not able to do before the war. During WWI, women worked as streetcar conductors, labored in munitions plants, toiled on farms, and delivered the mail. Women were even hired by police departments. The women were gaining independence and helped foster the emerging feminist movement.

117. Women Inspecting Amunitions

118. Women Telephone Operators

119. Posters Supporting Women's Efforts

120. Womens’ Organizations Women joined organizations that cared for wounded soldiers, and also the victims of the 1918 influenza pandemic. One of these organizations included the American Red Cross, which was instrumental during America’s time of need. Some women worked abroad with the Red Cross while others stayed at home supplying the organization. Many women worked as nurses in the Red Cross performing duties such as rolling bandages, knitting socks, and working in military hospitals taking care of wounded soldiers. Women also organized clubs and canteens for soldiers on leave, as well as drove ambulances across battlefields. Women also helped with the recruitment of men in America by encouraging other women to outcast any man who had not joined the war.

121. Short Film on Women’s Efforts in WWI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOLlDSbe4y8

122. Opportunities Gone at War’s End American women were essential to the war effort, working on the home front and overseas. Women filled many of the vacancies left by soldiers involved in the war, even though they were still paid less than men. While this was another step toward equality, women found most of the employment opportunities gone once the war ended..

123. African Americans Many Americans, especially African Americans, moved to northern cities. This "Great Migration" of African Americans led to many finding better paying jobs in war industries. However, they also ran into prejudice and violence due to job competition.

124. Anti-Immigrant Feelings Many Americans developed anti-immigrant feelings, especially to those of German descent. Americans with German sounding names lost their jobs, orchestras refused to play music by Brahms, Beethoven, Bach, and Mozart and some towns changed their names. There were some examples of physical violence against German Americans as well, including one lynching. Schools stopped teaching German, librarians took German books off the shelves, and a certain school in Milwaukee changed its name from the German Academy. Even every day items changed names - German measles became "Liberty measles", hamburgers "Salisbury steak" or" liberty sandwiches", sauerkraut was known as "liberty cabbage", and dachshunds were called "liberty pups".

125. Economic Slowdown During the period after World War I, United States was facing an economic slowdown. All of the businesses that manufactured and sold war supplies were suddenly out of business because since the war was no longer going on there were no more customers.

126. Lay Off Workers The companies soon started to lay off workers. The first people to get lay off were African Americans, other minorities, and women.

127. Vote On January 10, 1918, the new change in women finally helped gained the right to vote but as soon as the war was over the good jobs that they had gained for the first time in their lives were take away from them.

128. Peacetime Economy During World War One, they had lived under many kinds of restrictions. The federal government had controlled railroads, shipping, and industrial production. At the end of the war, these controls were lifted. Industries that had been making war supplies began making products for a peacetime economy.

129. The peanut butter and jelly sandwich became famous in 1922.