2. Biosynthesis of protein (translation)

3. 1. Materials involved in the translation (1) mRNA a. genetic code b. the category of genetic code

5. c. Triplet code d. Open reading frame (ORF) c. character of the genetic code

7. * non-spacer,non overlap frame shift & frame shift mutation A DNA 5’-ATG CAT GAC ATT TCG-3’ mRNA 3’-UAC GUA CUG UAA AGC-5’

9. * degeneracy(synonymous code) & plurality concept significant * wobble

15. ① ② ③ mRNA 密码 5’—G C U—3’ 5’—G C C—3’ 5’—G C A—3’ tRNA 反密码 3’—C G I—5’ 3’—C G I —5’ 3’—C G I—5’ 3 2 1 U C A I C G U A U G

16. * Universality (2) tRNA * function *charater

17. mRNA 5’-AAU CGA-3’ tRNA 3’-UUN GCN-5’ wobble if the first code in anticode of the tRNA is C or A there is no wobble

22. * Type initiation tRNA concrpt tRNA fmet ( prokaryotes) kind tRNA i met (eukaryotes)

23. elongation tRNA concept (3) ribosome & polyribome prokaryotes :60s large subunite 40s small subunite eukaryotes: 50s large subunite 30s small subunite

27. Polyribosome in cytosol biding to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

29. (4) Soluble factors initiaotion factors (IF) elongation factors (EF) termination factors (RF) (release factors) for eukaryotes eIF, eEF, eRF

30. 2. the process of synthesis (1) activation & transfer of amino acid * enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (5) Energy & enzymes

33. * Catalytic reaction * type type I & type II * Charater two site high specificity

34. biding site bind & activate E hydrolytic site proofreading

36. (2) ribosome cycle---- initiation,elongation,termination of the translation A. initiation stage a. requirment

37. prokaryotes: * dissociated of large & small subunite * The initiation signal in mRNA 5’ end

38. * Initiation tRNA ( tRNA fmet ) * Three types of initiation factors

40. IF1— help IF3 to bind small subunite,make large & small subunite dissociated IF2---recongnize tRNA fmet, bind to GTP to form triplet then to bind small subunite, possess GTPase activity IF3--- bind small subunite, make large & small subunite dissociated

41. b.form of initiation complex *initiation sequence SD sequence

44. c.Form of 70s complex mRNA 5’end SD sequence base pair with the 16s rRNA 3’end initiation code of mRNA base pair with anticode of tRNA fmet

46. 30S 起始复合物 + IF 3 GTP 50S 大亚基 GDP IF 1 IF 2 70S 起始复合物

49. Elongation of peptide synthesis aminoacyl-tRNA delivery peptide bond formation translocation

50. aminoacyl-tRNA delivery * protein factors involved * process *character GTPase activity of EF-tu determined pace & fidelity of protein synthesis

51. EF-tu (have GTPase activity) elongation factor,EF EF-ts

54. f-met-tRNAf met 起始 tRNA 不能进入 A 位 ef--tu met-tRNA met 及携带其它氨基酸的 tRNA 阅读 mRNA 内部的 AUG 密码

57. peptide bond formation large subunite has peptidyl transferase activity ( transfer tRNAfmet or peptidyl-tRNA in the P site to A site

60. P site ---peptidyl site A site ---amino acyl site E site---exit site

61. Translocation requirement: *EFG( GTPase activity) * direction of movement

63. mRNA move one code from 5’to 3’ tRNA carry peptide move from A site to P site Newly peptide elongate from N end to C end

64. * Process acho move Summarize energy requirements for the formation of one peptide bond (activated of amino acid,aminoacyl- tRNA deleviry,translocation)

65. A P A 锚定移动

70. Termination of peptide synthesis protein factor involved RF1----act on UAA,UAG RF2---act on UGA RF3---release

71. The termination signal on A site UAA.UAG,UGA process

74. The character of the translation in eukaryotes eukaryotes prokaryotes Structure of 80s 70s Ribosome (60s,40s) (50s,30s) Structure of 5’ cap,3’tail 5’SD mRNA sequence Initiation tRNA met –tRNAimet fmet-tRNAfmet Initiation factors many few Form of initiation complex simple Complex

78. Processing & polymerization of subunites after formation of peptide chain * remove of met or fmet at the N end * the formation of –S-S

79. * Modification of specific amino acid * Remove of the unnessary peptide from the protein concept of signal peptide function of signal peptide example

83. Processing of polyprotein * polymerization of subunites regulation of protein synthesis * function of antibiotin *factors affecting eukaryotes

84. Interferon produce function Heme  2  2 ---globin HB four heme

85. 感染 释放 WBC--α 干扰素 γ 病毒 细胞 蛋白质因子 成纤维细胞 --β 干扰素 免疫细胞 -- γ 干扰素

87. 2. 血红素调节 Hb 合成的机制 α 2 β 2 — 珠蛋白 Hb 4 分子血红素 血红素 ， Hb 合成 ，反之亦然 通过 cAMP 依赖的蛋白激酶连续反应使 eIF 2 磷酸化，活性下降，蛋白质合成减少 3. 白喉杆菌素

88. Diphtheria bacillin function