1. Breeding Dynamics to Maternal Effects: the shape of populations to come Ian A. Fleming Ocean Sciences Centre Memorial University of Newfoundland

2. Describe an animal’s mating behavior and parental care Breeding Systems

3. Males Potential Rate of Reproduction Females HIGH LOW OSR male-biased Aggregation of resources & mates Sex ratios Environment expensive gametes, and/or care weak mating competition high mate choice cheapgametes, shareable care or no care intense mating competition low mate choice General Framework for Sexual Selection

4. Generates Intense Selection & Shapes the Dynamics of Populations

5. Experimental Design No Competition High Density Medium Density Low Density Gravel Covered 25 m 4 m Fleming & Gross 1994

6. Opportunity for Selection No CompetitionCompetition Female0.025 0.146 Male0.025 1.298 What does this individual variation mean?

7. Variance in Salmon Spawning Success = 70% (53-88) ♀ = 70% (53-88) = 116% (59-160) ♂ = 116% (59-160) (Fleming & Gross ‘94, Fleming et al. ‘97, Garant et al. 01, Dannewitz et al. ‘04) Intense Selection

8. Traits under Selection Females Body Size  = 0.18 +.03 *** Caudual Peduncle  = 0.11 +.04 * Males Body Size  = 1.10 +.15 *** Hooked Snout  = 0.47 +.20 * Fleming & Gross 1994

9. Evolution of Specialized Breeding Traits & Behaviours

10. Density & Male Success Low High Medium Evolution of Alternative Reproductive Tactics

11. Number of Spawnings Early Male Maturity Atlantic Salmon Fertilize 11-65% of eggs Affect genetic structure ( Garant, Fleming, Einum & Bernatchez 2003 Ecol Lett; Weir, Hutchings, Fleming & Einum 2005 CJFAS)

12. Anadromous Resident Mature Parr Oncoryhnchus mykiss

13. Salmon breeding system Shaped byShaped by  Competition for mates ShapingShaping  Trait & Life history evolution  Genetic Structure Female role?Female role?  Competition for breeding resources

14. Female Breeding Success Success more than fecundity, much more... Success more than fecundity, much more... 0143256 Somatic Weight (kg) 00 12 2 3 4 4 5 6 10 8 Surviving Eggs (x 1,000) Fecundity (x 1,000) Fecundity Surviving eggs Fleming ’98

15. Maternal Effects Shaping of Offspring Performance (e.g.,Einum & Fleming 2000 Nature; Einum, Hendry & Fleming 2003 Proc R Soc Lond F; Einum & Fleming 2004 Evol Ecol Res) 1.Maternal investment – size of egg 2. Breeding Time 3. Nesting location

16. Egg Size What Does a Female Do? Ovary Few Large Many Small

17. Female reared to adulthood in captivity Eggs Fertilized by one male Large Small Experimental Design Test across a range of environmental qualities

18. Habitat Quality Index Growth Index Large Eggs Small Eggs Egg Size slopes: P <.001 Einum & Fleming 1999 Proc R Soc Lond B

19. Fertilized by one male Breeding Time Female Eggs EarlyLate 10-12 day range  ’ ± SE P Mortality 0.391 ± 0.138 0.016 r 2 P Body size 0.61 0.001 Selection 17 & 44 days postemergence Einum & Fleming 2000 Evolution

20. Nesting Location e.g., Conventional vs. Effective Density

21. Conclusion: breeding system Shaped byShaped by  Reproductive allocation  Competition for mates  Competition for breeding resources ShapingShaping  Trait & Life history evolution  Genetic Structure  Offspring Performance Setting the stage for Population dynamicsSetting the stage for Population dynamics

22. Informing Conservation management Response of populations to depressions in size (natural and human induced)Response of populations to depressions in size (natural and human induced) Intentional & unintentionalIntentional & unintentional release of cultured fish release of cultured fish

23. Acknowledgements: Sigrud Einum, Mart Gross, Kjetil Hindar, Bror Jonsson, Anders Lamberg. Support: Norwegian Research Council, Natural Science and Engineering Council of Canada, European Commission Grant Programme