1. Chapter 2: Origins of American Government
The Framers of the U.S. Constitution drew on their personal beliefs and their knowledge of political ideas from a variety of historical and contemporary sources to create a representative democracy.

2. Do Now
What country colonized the 13 colonies in North America? How do you think this nation influenced the development of American democracy?

3. Learning Goals
Objectives (Students will Learn…)
Essential Question
which American political ideas derived from an English political heritage.
how colonial governments gave English colonists experience in self-rule.
what intellectual influences shaped the development of American political philosophy.
What events led to the development of American democracy?

5. English Political Heritage
Representative Government(People have a say)
Bicameral: 2 chamber legislature.
Limited Government (Government has strict Limits)
Magna Carta: King John gave up some power in order to raise money.
Individual Rights (Gov’t protect individuals’ rights)
Petition of Right: Monarch needs Parliament’s approval to raise taxes.
English Bill of Rights: Monarch can’t pass laws, form an army, or raise taxes w/out Parliament.

6. The English Colonies Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Limited government’s power & gave all free men the right to choose judges.
Types of English Colonies
Proprietary Colony
Grant of land from monarch to a proprietor who financed the colony.
Royal Colonies
Directly controlled by the king through an appointed governor.
Charter Colonies
Operated under charters agreed to by the colony & king.

7. Intellectual Influences
Republicanism
Citizen participation, the public good, and civic virtue
Judeo-Christian Influences
Individual rights have a divine nature (Jewish & Christian)
Enlightenment Thinkers
John Locke: The Second Treatise on Government
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract
Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations
Voltaire: Freedom of Speech & Religion
William Blackstone: Commentaries on the Laws of England

8. Group Activity
Before Parliament existed only the king and some nobles had power. At one time some people thought that Parliament should be unicameral, with only a House of Lords. Others, however, believed that a House of Commons was necessary.
Find a partner. Each group will design a banner with a slogan in favor of creating bicameral Parliament. Slogans should express the importance of the House of Commons and fair representation for commoners and for nobles. Brainstorm ideas for banners with one another and make the designs as varied as possible.
Groups will display their banner ideas and slogans with the class.

9. Exit Slip
“Every man having been born free and master of himself, no one else may under any pretext whatever subject him without his consent. To assert that the son of a slave is born a slave is to assert that he is not born a man.”

10. Section 2: American Independence
The British imposed new policies on their American colonies, sparking rebellion and, in time, the American revolution.

11. Do Now
Make a list of events that led to the American Revolution and explain what happened in those events.

12. Learning Goals Objectives (students will learn…) Essential Question
how the British colonial policies lead to American independence.
the aims of the Continental Congresses.
which ideas and events inspired the Declaration of Independence.
how the first state governments reflect the conflict that led to the American Revolution.
How did disagreements with the British set the stage for the future governmental system of the U.S.?

14. The Road to Independence
Early Attempts at Unity
New England Confederation: Defensive alliance against Native Americans.
Iroquois Confederation: Alliance of 6 Native American nations.
Albany Plan of Union: Council of representatives appointed by colonies led by a Britain to control trade, raise armies, build settlements, and equip fleets.
The Stamp Act
Parliament’s first attempt to tax the colonists directly to pay for defense against Native Americans.

15. The Continental Congresses
First Continental Congress
Colonial delegates met in Philadelphia to respond abuses of authority by the British.
Second Continental Congress
Created the Continental Army under the leadership of George Washington.
Common Sense by Thomas Paine
Pamphlet persuasively made the case for a break with England.

16. Declaration of Independence
Written by a 5 member Committee
John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Livingston, Roger Sherman, and Thomas Jefferson.
Ideas from the Virginia Declaration of Rights, and John Locke’s Social Contract Theory.
Adopted July 4, 1776
12-0 (New York abstained till the 9th)

17. The State Constitutions
Self-Government
Republican gov’ts…some let women and free African American men vote.
Separation of Powers
3 branches of gov’t with none more powerful than the others.
Limited Government
Elections, term limits, and separation of power.
Individual Rights
7 states created a Bill of Rights to protect citizens’ rights.

18. Group Activity Split into two groups on either side of the room.
One group will be pro-Albany plan and the other will be anti-Albany plan.
First, individually think of at least 5 reasons to support your side.
Join as a group and create a list of top 5 reasons to support or reject the Albany plan.
Volunteer will read out your group’s top 5.
Take a whole classroom vote on whether to accept or reject the Albany plan.

19. Exit Slip
1. In 1643 four English colonies united as the _______________________ to defend against attacks from Native Americans and nearby Dutch colonies.
2. During the French and Indian War, Great Britain urged its colonies to sign a treaty with the _______________________, an alliance of Native American nations.
3. Delegates to the Second Continental Congress organized a militia and unanimously voted _____________________ to be the militia’s commander.
4. Thomas Paine wrote a 47-page political pamphlet called _______________________ that inspired widespread support for independence in the colonies.
5. In writing the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson was influenced by _______________________’s ideas about government and natural rights.

20. Sec. 3: Articles of Confederation
The states’ first attempt to build a national government, the Articles of Confederation, proved too weak to last.

21. Do Now
What is a confederal system of government and what could be some of its possible weaknesses?

22. Learning Goals
Objectives(Students will learn…)
Essential Question
how the first national government was organized under the Articles of Confederation.
what the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation were.
what events convinced some American leaders that a stronger national government was needed.
How did the Articles of Confederation reflect the colonists’ fear of monarchy?

24. First National Government
Articles of Confederation
The nation’s first constitution.
Ratified
Formally approved by all states.
Delay in Ratification
Fight over western lands.
Powers of the National Government
No Executive, No national courts, all changes unanimous.
State Powers
All powers rested with states unless mentioned in the Articles of Confederation.

25. Weaknesses of the Articles
Can’t carry out Congress’s laws.
Rely on state courts.
Couldn’t levy taxes
Couldn’t repay war debts
Couldn’t pay soldiers
9/13 states had to agree to pass anything
States could mint their own money.

26. Pressures for Stronger Government
Northwest Ordinance
Plan on settling Northwest territories.
Admitting new states
Banned slavery
Bill of rights
Dangers & Unrest
Inability to pay war debts
States flouted (ignored) national laws
Shay’s Rebellion
Massachusetts farmers rebelled over losing their lands.
Calls to Revise the Articles
Handle commerce disputes between states.

27. Read the Declaration of Independence
Assignment
Read the Declaration of Independence
Answer the Questions on the last page on a separate sheet of paper.
Due next class!

28. Sec. 4: The Constitutional Convention Delegates at the Constitutional Convention compromised on key issues to create a plan for a strong national government.

29. Do Now
Write a four sentence paragraph on compromise. In this paragraph, you should explain why you think compromise is vital in politics.

30. Learning Goals Objectives (Students will learn…) Essential Question
why the Constitutional Convention drafted a new plan for government.
how the rival plans for the new government differed.
what other conflicts required the Framers to compromise.
What was the original purpose of the Constitutional Convention?

31. Insert Political Cartoon

32. Drafting a New Constitution
The Convention Meets
May 25, 1787 (Philadelphia, PA)
12 colonies sent delegates (RI didn’t)
Framers of the Constitution
Framers: The delegates to the Constitutional Convention
Benjamin Franklin
Alexander Hamilton
James Madison
William Paterson
Edmund Randolph
Roger Sherman

33. Rival Plans The Virginia Plan (Edmund Randolph)
3 Branches
Checks & Balances
Bicameral Legislature based on state’s population
The New Jersey Plan (William Patterson)
Unicameral Legislature based on one vote per state.
Strong Central Government

34. Conflict & Compromise Great Compromise Compromises over Slavery
Combined elements of the New Jersey & Virginia Plans.
Bicameral Legislature
House of Representatives by population
Senate (Each state gets 2 senators)
Compromises over Slavery
3/5th Compromise: Each slave counts as 3/5th person.
Presidential Election
Electoral College: State electors choose President from state’s popular vote.
Ties are decided by the House of Representatives.

35. Partner Activity 1. Find a partner
2. Decide if you would be Pro-New Jersey Plan or Pro- Virginia Plan.
3. Create a flyer/banner showing your support.
Should contain a Slogan/ Catchphrase
Drawing or picture of some sort
4. Due in 10 minutes.

36. Exit Slip
1. Plan proposed at the Constitutional Convention that declared that 3/5th of the enslaved people in a state be counted when determining the state’s population.
2. Plan proposed at the Constitutional Convention that called for a unicameral legislature with equal representation from each state.
3. Plan proposed at the Constitutional Convention that called for a bicameral legislature with equal representation in the Senate and representation based on state population in the House.
4. Plan proposed at the Constitutional Convention that called for a government with three separate branches including a bicameral legislature with representation based on each state’s population or wealth.
5. Proposed the New Jersey Plan.
6. Proposed the Virginia Plan.

37. Sec. 5: Ratification & the Bill of Rights
Before the Constitution could take effect, a heated debate between those in favor of the Constitution and those who opposed it took place in all the states.

38. Do Now
List as many amendments in the Bill of Rights that you can. Explain those amendments that you were able to list.

39. Learning Goals
Objectives (Students will learn…)
Essential question
what the main points of disagreement were between the Antifederalists and the Federalists.
the main arguments made by the authors of the Federalist Papers.
why the Bill of Rights were important to the ratification of the Constitution.
Why were the people who supported the Constitution known as Federalists?

40. Insert Political Cartoon

41. Antifederalists vs. Federalists
Opposed the Constitution
Constitution betrayed ideals of the Revolution
President too similar to the King
Constitution didn’t have a Bill of Rights
Federalists
Supported a powerful & vigorous national gov’t.
National gov’t. would unite the country.
Fix problems of Articles of Confederation
Provide a strong national defense.

42. The Federalist Papers Publius Federalist Papers
Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, & John Jay teamed up to write articles defending the Constitution under this name.
Federalist Papers
Defended the principles underlying the Constitution, such as balancing against factions, promoted checks & balances & separation of powers to limit gov’t. authority & preserve liberty.

43. The Fight for Ratification
Winning over the States
Not all states agreed with the set up of the new Constitution. Small states signed quicker due to Senate representation.
Bill of Rights
10 Amendments that protect such rights as freedom of speech, press, and religion as well as due process protections, such as the right to a fair trial and trial by jury.

44. Exit Slip
Antifederalists , Patrick Henry, Federalists, Bill of Rights, the Federalist Papers
1. The Antifederalists believed the Constitution would provide a strong national government for the United States. ___________________________________________________________________
2. The Framers’ strongest criticism of the Constitution was that it did not have a bill of rights. ___________________________________________________________________
3. The Federalists wrote a series of essays called Common Sense to defend the principles behind and win support for the Constitution. ___________________________________________________________________
4. James Madison attempted to convince the Virginia ratifying convention to reject the Constitution. ___________________________________________________________________
5. To secure ratification of the Constitution, the Federalists promised to add the Federalist Papers to the document. ____________________________________________________________