1. Chapter 7 Market Structures

2. 4 conditions for pure competition: 1. Large numbers of buyers and sellers act independently 2. Sellers offer identical products- no difference in quality or brand names, no need to advertise 3. Buyers and sellers are well informed about prices. Price is determined by supply and demand. 4. Few barriers: sellers can enter or exit the market easily- based on profit. Ex. of a Perfectly Competitive Market Salt, wheat, natural gas, etc. However, pure competition is a hypothetical situation all systems are actually imperfect

3. Factors that make it difficult for new firms to enter a market are called barriers to entry. Barriers to Entry Start-up Costs The expenses that a new business must pay before the first product reaches the customer are called start-up costs. Technology Some markets require a high degree of technological know- how. As a result, new entrepreneurs cannot easily enter these markets.

4. Defining Monopoly A monopoly is a market dominated by a single seller. Monopolies form when barriers prevent firms from entering a market that has a single supplier. Monopolies can take advantage of their monopoly power and charge high prices.

5. 4 Types of Monopolies Natural Monopolies 1 seller is most efficient due to economies of scale Economies of scale- size of seller allows them to use resources more efficiently and economically than many different firms could Ex. Utilities, electric company, cable services Geographic Monopolies Remote areas the potential for profit is so small that only one seller chooses to enter a market

6. Technological Monopoly 1 company invents or changes a product & they have a monopoly b/c they are the only ones with this technology. Government Monopoly provide basic necessities like public utilities—water and sewer services, roads, bridges, canals in the U.S. are monopolized by state and federal governments

7. Why are consumers willing to pay more for one product than they are for a similar one?

8. Monopolistic Competition Products are similar but not of identical quality. Factors that differentiate: store location, store design, manner of payment, delivery, decorations, service, etc. Brand loyalty EXAMPLES: Software Fast food burgers Automobiles Computer games Soft drinks Can you think of more?

9. Imperfectly Competitive Markets Why are there only a few large automobile manufacturers?

10. In monopolistic competition, many companies compete in an open market to sell products which are similar, but not identical. Four Conditions of Monopolistic Competition 1. Many Firms As a rule, monopolistically competitive markets are not marked by economies of scale or high start-up costs, allowing more firms. 2. Few Artificial Barriers to Entry Firms in a monopolistically competitive market do not face high barriers to entry. 3. Slight Control over Price Firms in a monopolistically competitive market have some freedom to raise prices because each firm's goods are a little different from everyone else's. 4. Differentiated Products Firms have some control over their selling price because they can differentiate, or distinguish, their goods from other products in the market.

11. Oligopoly use interdependent pricing to respond to the prices of competitors Exp. Auto industry. 3 Conditions of Oligopolies: 1. Only a few large sellers. (Only market structure like this) 2. Sellers offer identical or similar products. 3. Other seller cannot easily enter the market. (this is due to start-up costs, government regulation, consumer loyalty to established products)

12. How oligopolies control prices-legally 1. Price leadership- one of the largest sellers in the market takes the lead by setting a price. Others can then set prices and control all the prices. 2. Price war- sellers undercut each other’s prices to try to capture market share.

13. Oligopoly describes a market dominated by a few large, profitable firms. Oligopoly Collusion Collusion is an agreement among members of an oligopoly to set prices and production levels. Price- fixing is an agreement among firms to sell at the same or similar prices. Cartels A cartel is an association by producers established to coordinate prices and production.

14. Comparison of Market Structures Number of firms Variety of goods Control over prices Barriers to entry and exit Examples Perfect Competition Many None Wheat, shares of stock Monopolistic Competition Many Some Little Low Jeans, books Oligopoly Two to four dominate Some High Cars, movie studios Monopoly One None Complete Public water Comparison of Market Structures Markets can be grouped into four basic structures: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly