1. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-1 Project Management in Practice Second Edition Prepared by Scott M. Shafer Wake Forest University Mantel, Meredith, Shafer, and Sutton John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

2. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-2 Chapter 7 Monitoring and Controlling the Project

3. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-3 Introduction 4 Monitoring and Control are opposite sides of selection and planning –bases for selection dictate what to monitor –plans identify elements to control 4 Monitoring is collection, recording, and reporting of information 4 Control uses monitored information to align actual performance with the plan

4. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-4 THE PLAN-MONITOR- CONTROL CYCLE

5. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-5 Plan-Monitor-Control Cycle 4 Closed loop process 4 Planning-monitoring-controlling effort often minimized to spend time on “the real work”

6. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-6 Figure 7-1 Project Authorization and Expenditure Control System Information Flow

7. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-7 Designing the Monitoring System 4 Identify special characteristics of performance, cost, and time that need to be controlled –performance characteristics should be set for each level of detail in the project 4 Real-time data should be collected and compared against plans –mechanisms to collect this data must be designed 4 Avoid tendency to focus on easily collected data

8. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-8 DATA COLLECTION AND REPORTING

9. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-9 Formats of Data 4 Frequency Counts 4 Raw Numbers 4 Subjective Numeric Ratings 4 Indicators and Surrogates 4 Verbal Characterizations

10. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-10 Data Analysis 4 Aggregation Techniques 4 Fitting Statistical Distributions 4 Curve Fitting 4 Quality Management Techniques

11. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-11 Figure 7-2 Number of Bugs per Unit of Test Time

12. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-12 Figure 7-3 Percent of Specified Performance Met During Successive Repeated Trials

13. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-13 Figure 7-4 Ratio of Actual Material Cost to Estimated Material Cost

14. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-14 Reporting 4 Reports –Project Status Reports –Time/Cost Reports –Variance Reports 4 Not all stakeholders need to receive same information 4 Avoid periodic reports 4 Impact of Electronic Media 4 Relationship between project’s information system and overall organization’s information system

15. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-15 Report Types 4 Routine 4 Exception 4 Special Analysis

16. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-16 Meeting Guidelines 4 Meetings should be help primarily for group decision making –avoid weekly progress report meetings 4 Distribute written agenda in advance of meeting

17. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-17 Meeting Guidelines continued 4 Ensure everyone is properly prepared for meeting 4 Chair of meeting should take minutes –avoid attributing remarks to individuals in the minutes 4 Avoid excessive formality 4 If meeting is held to address specific crisis, restrict meeting to this issue alone

18. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-18 Virtual Reports, Meetings, and Project Management 4 Use of the Internet 4 Use of Software Programs 4 Virtual Project Teams

19. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-19 EARNED VALUE

20. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-20 Earned Value 4 Percent of task’s budget actually spent not good indicator of percent completion

21. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-21 Conventions Used to Estimate Progress on Tasks 4 50-50 –50% complete when task started and other 50% added when task finished 4 100% –100% complete when finished and zero percent before that 4 Ratio of Cost Expended to Cost Budgeted

22. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-22 Variances 4 Cost/Spending Variance EV - AC 4 Schedule Variance EV - PV 4 CPI EV/AC 4 SPI EV/PV

23. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-23 Additional Items of Interest 4 Estimated (Remaining Cost) to Completion ETC = (BAC - EV)/CPI 4 (Total Cost) Estimated at Completion EAC = ETC + AC

24. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-24 PROJECT CONTROL

25. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-25 Background 4 Acts which seek to reduce differences between plan and actuality 4 Difficult Task –human behavior involved –problems rarely clear cut

26. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-26 Purposes of Control 4 Stewardship of Organizational Assets –physical asset control –human resources –financial control 4 Regulation of Results Through the Alteration of Activities

27. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-27 DESIGNING THE CONTROL SYSTEM

28. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-28 Background 4 Purpose is to correct errors, not punish the guilty 4 Investments in control subject to diminishing returns 4 Must consider impact on creativity and innovation 4 Be careful not emphasize short-run results at the expense of long-run objectives 4 Dangers of across the board cuts

29. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-29 Primary Mechanisms by Which PM Exerts Control 4 Process Reviews 4 Personnel Assignments 4 Resource Allocations

30. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-30 Components of a Control System 4 Sensor 4 Standard 4 Comparator 4 Decision Maker 4 Effector

31. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-31 Types of Control Systems 4 Go/No-Go Controls –predetermined standard must be met for permission to be granted to continue 4 Post-Control –done after project completed –purpose is to allow future projects to learn from past project experience

32. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-32 Figure 7-7 Sample Project Milestone Status Report

33. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-33 Tools for Control 4 Variance Analysis 4 Trend Projections 4 Earned Value Analysis 4 Critical Ratio

34. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-34 Figure 7-8 Trend Projection

35. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-35 Figure 7-9 Critical Ratios with Control Limits

36. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-36 Figure 7-10 Cost Control Chart

37. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-37 SCOPE CREEP AND CHANGE CONTROL

38. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-38 Scope Creep 4 Coping with changes frequently cited by PMs as the single most important problem 4 Common Reasons for Change Requests –Client –Availability of new technologies and materials

39. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-39 Purpose of Change Control System 4 Review all requested changes 4 Identify impact of change 4 Evaluate advantages and disadvantages of requested change 4 Install process so that individual with authority may accept or reject changes

40. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-40 Purpose of Change Control System continued 4 Communicate change to concerned parties 4 Ensure changes implemented properly 4 Prepare reports that summarize changes made to date and their impact

41. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-41 Rules for Controlling Scope Creep 4 Include in contract change control system 4 Require all changes be introduced by a change order 4 Require approval in writing by the client’s agent and senior management 4 Consult with PM prior to preparation of change order 4 Amend master plan to reflect changes

42. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-42 Copyright Copyright  John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back- up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein.