3. Abundance of Light Elements - Spectral Analysis of Stars & Galaxies shows that there is a large % of: Hydrogen and Helium (99.9 %) present in the universe today.

4. Abundance of Light Elements – Relative Abundance of Elements: Each number on the Y scale represents a power of 10. C lines up with the 7. That means there is 10X as much C as there is Si ( and 100X as much C as Ar!! ) There is a large % (99.9 %) of: Hydrogen and Helium

5. Abundance of Light Elements – Relative Abundance of Elements: Each number on the Y scale represents a power of 10. C lines up with the 7. That means there is 10X as much C as there is Si ( and 100X as much C as Ar!! ) This means the relative abundance of H is more than 10,000 X the relative abundance of Si!!!

6. Not surprisingly, these are the which we would expect to form from the and being thrown together during the Big Bang. Not surprisingly, these are the two smallest elements which we would expect to form from the protons and neutrons being thrown together during the Big Bang.

7. Edwin Hubble

8. (Edwin Hubble - 1920s) – Red Shift (Edwin Hubble - 1920s) – The light spectrum of distant galaxies shows a distinct shift toward the end of the spectrum. The light spectrum of distant galaxies shows a distinct shift toward the red end of the spectrum. As the galaxies become more distant, the Red Shift becomes more pronounced.

9. Object coming towards you – blue shift (at very high speeds - 100 million mph) Object moving away from you – red shift – Speeds have to be near the speed of light for the Doppler effect to be visible.

10. Astronomy and the Doppler Shift Astronomers can measure the Doppler Shift of a moving object (galaxy): Astronomers can measure the Doppler Shift of a moving object (galaxy): If the galaxy is moving, waves will be compressed and will have a higher (“bluer”) frequency. If the galaxy is moving closer, waves will be compressed and will have a higher (“bluer”) frequency. If galaxy is moving, waves in the signal will be stretched, and will have a lower (“redder”) frequency. If galaxy is moving away, waves in the signal will be stretched, and will have a lower (“redder”) frequency.

11. Very Distant Galaxy Distant Galaxy Nearby Galaxy Nearby Star

12. Quantum Jump Diagrams for Hydrogen

13. Evidence for an expanding universe The spectrum of Hydrogen gas is the unique fingerprint of that element. Hydrogen lamp H – Alpha line Rest Wavelength – not moving at all

14. Evidence for an expanding universe Orion Nebula H – Alpha line Nearby Wavelength

15. We see the same repeating pattern of lines in a galaxy, but displaced to the red . Galaxy UGC 12915 Evidence for an expanding universe H – Alpha line Middle Distance Wavelength

16. The further away the galaxy is, the greater the shift to the red: Galaxy UGC 12508 Evidence for an expanding universe H – Alpha line More Distant Wavelength

17. Galaxy KUG 1750 The greater the red shift, the faster the galaxy is receding away. Evidence for an expanding universe H – Alpha line Even More Distant Wavelength

18. The red shift is caused by the expansion of space. Galaxy KUG 1217 Evidence for an expanding universe H – Alpha line Great Distance Wavelength

19. The red shift is evidence for an expanding universe Galaxy IRAS F09159 Evidence for an expanding universe H – Alpha line Greatest Distance Wavelength

22. Very Distant Galaxy Distant Galaxy Nearby Galaxy Nearby Star Moving away slowly Moving away fast faster fastest

23. Conclusion: The universe is expanding at incredible speeds (100 million mph- nearly at the speed of light).

24. Conclusion: The universe is expanding at incredible speeds (nearly at the speed of light). Click here for Movie:

25. is in space is everywhere in space It could only be caused by a huge detonation thermonuclear-type detonation Discovered by Penzias & Wilson – 1960s

26. CMBR has cooled down from the hotter cosmic rays and gamma rays of the Big Bang to the lower energy microwave radiation that we see everywhere in space today.

27. CMBR has stretched from the short, high frequency cosmic rays and gamma rays of the Big Bang to the long, low frequency microwave radiation that we see everywhere in space today.

29. This image shows us the very edge of outer space – 13.7 billion light years away and comes from radiation that originated 13.7 billion years in the past! We are looking at lumps of radiation that filled the universe in its very early infancy.

33. led to the concept that the universe began rapidly from a small hot point led to the concept that the universe began expanding rapidly from a small hot point 13.7 billion years ago and is still expanding today…

35. A Stanmo Production Thanks to NASA, JPL and the Einstein Forum for the great pix. 2012