1. LAMINAR FLOW

2. A Core Concept of the HWSS is that a streamlined body passing through water generates a smooth laminar flow without creating turbulence in the form of eddy vortexes. Vortexes reduce speed and create cavitation. A streamlined body here consists of hydrodynamically shaped hulls/pontoons and tower columns in the water. This factor is best expressed in the drag co-efficient formula; lower being better. The HWSS has a much lower drag co- efficient than conventional 6 th generation semi submersibles or other conventionally shaped ships. This enables the vessel to work in much more extreme marine environments as the rough seas & high winds associated with bad weather pass around the HWSS because the vortex fields, cavitation and turbulent flows are greatly reduced & lessened.

5. Any object moving through a fluid experiences drag - the net force in the direction of flow due to pressure and shear stress forces on the surface of the object. Drag force can be expressed as: Fd = cd 1/2 ρ v2 A where Fd = drag force (N) cd = drag coefficient ρ = density of fluid (1.2 kg/m3 for air at NTP) v = flow velocity A = characteristic frontal area of the body The drag coefficient is a function of several parameters like shape of the body, Reynolds Number for the flow,Froude number, Mach Number and Roughness of the Surface. The characteristic frontal area - A - depends on the body.

6. 3 stages of flow around a foil 1. Laminar 2. Transitional 3. Turbulent

7. Turbulent Vortex field behind a conventional ship.

8. 6 th Gen Semi-submersible: ‘Brick’ Pontoon & Square Column

9. Detail of ‘Brick’ Pontoon

10. 6 th generation semisubmersible; bow pontoon & column Note K-bracing at pontoon level Note square shape of column Note “Rounded-off brick” shape of bow

11. Vortex field on semi-submersible with bow submerged

12. Semi submerged, note vortex field

15. SSBN 598 George Washington

16. SS-580 Barbel