1. Integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) into your Curriculum Teaching American History Meg Merrick & Heather Kaplinger Year 2 GIS Inservices

2. Today: What is GIS? Methods of Inquiry & Problem Solving Process Discuss Geographic Data Classifying & Displaying Data Familiarization with RLIS Data Working with Arc View & Create a Data Driven Map Work in Groups & Present a Map

3. What is Geographic Information Science? " An emerging field of knowledge that embraces the nature, representation, acquisition, analysis, discussion, and communication of geographic or geospatial data in a computational environment." -- UCGIS (University Consortium for Geographic Information Science)

4. Geospatial Data Spatial (positional data) that has been georeferenced, or relates to a geographic coordinate system (such as latitude & longitude) How do we get this type of data ?

5. Create the Digital Earth

6. Global Positioning System (GPS)

7. Examples of Geospatial Data Climatological Satellite imagery Aerial photos Public lands (surveying)

8. Advantages of geospatial data: Position is inherent … we have the WHERE Can be used to address geographic problems

9. Challenges of geospatial data: Complex data sets Large data sets Usually requires computers

10. Things To Think About When Approaching A Geospatial Question: Nature of the data used to used to understand the phenomena Information the data provides Method used to analyze data Method used to display the results What tools can be utilized

11. Inquiry Traditional Approaches Problem Solving Process Geographic Data Classifications of data ArcView Legend Schemes Geographic Concepts

12. Traditional Approaches Deductive Inductive the deriving of a conclusion by reasoning inference of a generalized conclusion from particular instances

13. Other Approaches Quantitative –Measuring a phenomena mathematically –Count, amount, or number –Estimations –Totals –Measurable: greater / less / equal –Duration and intensity

14. Other Approaches….. Qualitative Describing a phenomena the nature of phenomena its characteristics its rank

15. Problem Solving Process 1. Identify the problem 2. Collect data to solve the problem 3. Explore the data 4. Analyze the data 5. Evaluate the results 6. Present the results

16. Geographic Data Discrete & Continuous Raster & Vector Point, Line, Area, Volume

17. Discrete Data: …the actual location can be specified

18. Line

19. Point

20. Parcel (Polygon)

21. Continuous Data … phenomenon that can be measured anywhere

22. Soils Data

23. Elevation Data

24. Data Formats Raster Vector Tables

25. Raster Data is stored in a grid file structure associated with continuous data

26. LinePointPolygon Vector: Data is stored in discrete structures

27. Table Data Most common data format for data not collected geospatially; such as census (demographic), gross domestic product (economic), voting (political), toxic chemical releases (environmental), etc… …the lists is endless on what data is collected on.

28. Table Data a.k.a The SPREADSHEET

29. Classification of Data Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

30. Nominal The data is named

31. Ordinal ( ) The data has been ranked into ordered categories, ranges, and relationships (orders & ranks)

32. Interval (+, -, average) The data has an equal distance between categories. There are numeric values with and arbitrary zero – In other words this measurement level is used to organize features along a continuum

33. Ratio (Multiply & Divide) The data is set at an interval with a true zero. In other words it is this is a how you display a percentage such as: population density.

34. ArcView Legend Schemes Single Symbol Graduated Color Unique Value Dot Chart

35. Single Symbol

36. Graduated Color

37. Unique Value

38. Dot

39. Chart

40. Geographic Concepts Most / Least Density Inside / Outside What’s Nearby Change

41. Most / Least

42. Density

43. Inside / Outside

44. Identify the problem is GEOGRAPHIC in nature Geographic Problem Solving Collect the GEOGRAPHIC data to solve the problem Explore the data using GEOGRAPHIC VISUALIZATION AND SPATIAL DATA EXPLORATION Analyze the data using SPATIAL ANALYSIS Present the results using CARTOGRAPHY

45. AS A GROUP List the properties that are common to the project List the properties that are different DISCUSS The geographic nature of the problem Data needed to answer – what do you already have in terms of data sets that applies to your question? Analysis needed to answer the problem – refer to geographic concepts Method for presenting the results