1. Bulk Spin Resonance Quantum Information Processing Yael Maguire Physics and Media Group (Prof. Neil Gershenfeld) MIT Media Lab ACAT 2000 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, IL 17-Oct-2000

2. Why should we care? By ~ 2030: transistor = 1 atom, 1 bit = 1 electron, Fab cost = GNP of the planet Scaling: time (1 ns/ft), space (DNA computers  mass of the planet). Remaining resource: Hilbert Space.

3. Classical bit Analog “bit” Quantum qubit Bits

4. 2 Classical Bits 2 Quantum Bits N Classical Bits –N binary values N Quantum Bits –2 N complex numbers –superposition of states –Hilbert space More Bits

5. correlated decay project A hidden variables? action at a distance? information travelling back in time? alternate universes (many worlds)? interconnect in Hilbert space – O(2 -N ) to O(1) BA AB Entanglement

6. Examples: –Shor’s algorithm (1000 bit number): O((logN) 2+  ) vs. O(exp(1.923+(logN) 1/3 (loglogN) 2/3 ) O(1 yr) @ 1Hz vs. O(10 7 yrs) @ 1 GFLOP –Grover’s algorithm (8 TB): O( ) vs. O(N) 27 min. vs. 1 month @ same clock speed. The Promise

7. What do you need to build a quantum computer? Pure States Coherence Universal Family Readout Projection Operators Circuits

8. Previous/Current Attempts spin chains quantum dots isolated magnetic spins trapped ions Optical photons cavity QED Coherence! Breakthroughs: Bulk thermal NMR quantum computers –quantum coherent information  bulk thermal ensembles Quantum Error Correction –Correct for errors without observing. –Add extra qubits  syndrome

9. What do you need to build a quantum computer using NMR? Pure States –effective pure states in deviation density matrix Coherence –nuclear spin isolation, 1-10s Universal Family –arbitrary rotations (RF pulses) and C-NOT (spin-spin interactions) Readout –Observable magnetization Projection Operators –Change algorithms Circuits –Multiple pulses are gates Gershenfeld, Chuang, Science (1997) Cory, Havel, Fahmy, PNAS (1997)

10. wave function observables pure state mixed state Hamiltonian (energy) evolution equilibrium Quantum Mechanics

11. ~10 23 spin degrees of freedom –rapid tumbling averages inter-molecular interactions ~N effective degrees of freedom –decoherence averages off-diagonal coherences N spins I (1/2) B0B0 B1B1 Bulk Density Matrix

12. high temperature approximation identity can be ignored ensemble  molecule  deviation NMR: “reduced” density matrix Deviation Density Matrix in NMR

13. magnetic moment angular momentum spin precession Zeeman splitting 2 spin interaction Hamiltonian A-B Spin Hamiltonian

14. apply a z field: evolve in field: two spins, scalar coupling: evolution = 3 commuting operators Arbitrary single qubit operations Magnetic Field and Rotation Operators

15. ENDOR (1957) –electron-nuclear double resonance INEPT (1979) –insensitive nuclei enhanced by polarization transfer The Controlled-NOT Gate

16. Input thermal density matrix CNOT output

17. Ground State Preparation We want: where How? Use degrees of freedom to create an environment for computational spins. –1. Logical Labeling (Gershenfeld, Chuang) ancilla spins - submanifolds act as pure states - exponential signal –2. Spatial Labeling (Cory, Havel, Fahmy) field gradients dephase density matrix terms - exponential space –3. Temporal Labeling (Knill, Chuang, Laflamme) use randomization and averaging over set of experiments - exponential time

18. Algorithms - Grover’s Algorithm find x n | f(x n ) = 1, f(x m )=0 Initialize L bit registers Prepare superposition of states Apply operator that rotates phase by  if f(x) = 1 Invert about average Repeat O(N 1/2 ) times Measure state

19. NMR Implementation Pure state preparation Superposition of all states H = R yA (90) R yB (90) - R xA (180) R xB (180) Conditional sign flip (test for both bits up) C = R zAB (270) - R zA (90) - R zB (90) Invert-about-mean M = H - R zAB (90) - R zA (90) - R zB (90) - H

20. Experimental Implementation of Fast Quantum Searching, I.L. Chuang, N. Gershenfeld, M. Kubinec, Physical Review Letters (80), 3408 (1998).

21. Quantum Error Correction 3-bit phase error correcting code - Cory et al, PRL, 81, 2152 (1998) - alanine

22. Quantum Simulation Feynman/Lloyd - quantum simulations more efficient on a quantum computer Waugh - average Hamiltonian theory Dynamics of truncated quantum harmonic oscillator with NMR- Samaroo et al. PRL, 82, 5381.

23. Scaling Issues Sensitivity vs. System resources Decoherence per gate Number of qubits

24. Scaling

25. Is it quantum? Schack, Caves, Braunstein, Linden, Popescu, … Initial conditions vs quantum evolution But, Boltzmann limit is not scalable is separable if 3.8x10 -6 10 1.5x10 -5 9 6.0x10 -5 8 2.4x10 -4 7 9.1x10 -4 6 3.4x10 -3 5 1.2x10 -2 4 0.043 0.112 0.251  N

26. Polarization Enhancement - Optical Pumping Error correction as well (or phonon)

27. Decoherence per gate Steady state error correction - 10 -4 - 10 -6 C. Yannoni, M. Sherwood, L. Vandersypen, D. Miller, M. Kubinec, I. Chuang, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Quantum Computing Using Liquid Crystal Solvents quant-ph/9907063, July 1999 0.7 sT 2 ( 1 H)7 s 0.2 sT 2 ( 13 C)0.3 s 1.4 sT 1 ( 1 H)19 s 2 sT 1 ( 13 C)25 s 1706 HzJ+2D J215 Hz ZLI-1167 13 C 1 HCl 3 solvent acetone -d6

28. Number of Qubits Seth Lloyd, Science, 261, 1569 (1993) - SIMD CA –D-A-B-C-A-B-C-A-B-C.... –at worst linear, but may be polylogarithmic Shulman, Vazirani (quant-ph/980460) - using SIMD CA –can distill qubits where SNR independent of system size

29. Our goals Develop the instrumentation and algorithms needed to manipulate information in natural systems Table-Top (size & cost) investigate scaling issues $50,000 $500,000 $5,000

30. Magnet Design Halbach arrays using Nd 2 Fe 14 B: 1.2T  2.0T Fermi Lab - iron is a good spatial filter

31. Compilation Multiplexed Add: function program = madd(cnumif0, cnumif1, enabindex, selindex, inputbits, outputbits, BOOLlowisleft) % outputbits MUST be zeros %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % madd.m % Implements adding a classical number to a quantum number, mod 2^L. % If N is the thing we want to factor, then selindex says whether N-cnum is less than or % greater than B: N-cnum>b --> add cnum, else N-cnum add cnum - N + 2^L % Enabindex must all be 1, else choose the classical addend to be zero. % Edward Boyden, e@media.mit.edu % INPUT % cnum classical number to be added % indices column vector of indices on which to operate % carryindex carry qubit that you're using %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% L = length(outputbits); %It's an L-bit adder: contains L-1 MUXFAs and 1 MUXHA if (L!=length(inputbits)) %MAKE SURE OF THIS! program = 'Something''s wrong.'; return; end; cbitsif0 = binarize(cnumif0); % BINARIZE! cbitsif1 = binarize(cnumif1); cL = length(cbitsif0); if (cL>L) Can you implement? gcc grover.c -o chloroform

32. Nature is a Computer IBM Dr. Isaac Chuang Dr. Nabil Amer MIT Prof. Neil Gershenfeld Prof. Seth Lloyd U.C. Berkeley Prof. Alex Pines Dr. Mark Kubinec Stanford Prof. James Harris Prof. Yoshi Yamamoto