2. Creational Pattern: Builder When a complex object needs to be created, it is sometimes beneficial to separate the construction of the object from its representation. C h a p t e r 3 – P a g e 23 In this way, the same construction process may be utilized to create different representations of the object. A “director” invokes the “builder” as an interface, which creates part of the complex object each time it’s called, maintaining all intermediate states. When the product is finished, the client retrieves the result from the “builder”.

3. The Builder Pattern The Builder is an abstract interface for constructing objects. C h a p t e r 3 – P a g e 24 The ConcreteBuilder provides the Builder’s implementation, constructing and assembling parts to build objects. The Director is responsible for managing the correct sequence of object creation, receiving a ConcreteBuilder as a parameter and executing the necessary operations on it. The Product is the final object created by the Director, using the Builder.

4. Non-Software Example The Cook director uses the abstract PizzaBuilder builder to construct the Pizza product piece by piece. C h a p t e r 3 – P a g e 25 By invoking a particular concrete builder (HawaiianPizzaBuilder or SpicyPizzaBuilder), the Pizza that is produced is polymorphic (i.e., either a thin-crust, mild-sauce, ham/pineapple-topped Pizza from a HawaiianPizzaBuilder or a pan-crust, hot-sauce, sausage/pepperoni-topped Pizza from a SpicyPizzaBuilder).

5. Distributed Computing Example The Reader director (i.e., a parser) uses the abstract Builder to construct the DistributedWorkPackage product piece by piece (i.e., to prepare it for the server to send to the appropriate client machine). C h a p t e r 3 – P a g e 26 By invoking a particular concrete builder (UnixBuilder or VmsBuilder), the work package that is produced is polymorphic (i.e., either a flat-file, FIFO- queue, thread-pathway work package from a UnixBuilder or an indexed- sequential-file, priority-queue, lightweight-process-pathway work package from a VmsBuilder).

6. Work Package Builder C++ Code C h a p t e r 3 – P a g e 27 #include using namespace std; enum PersistenceType { File, Queue, Pathway }; struct PersistenceAttribute { PersistenceType type; string value; }; class DistributedWorkPackage { public: DistributedWorkPackage(string type) { cout << desc << "Distributed Work Package for: " << type; } void setFile(string filetype, string value) { cout << temp << endl << " File(" << filetype << "): " << value; desc = desc + temp; } void setQueue(string queuetype, string value) { cout << temp << endl << " Queue(" << queuetype << "): " << value; desc = desc + temp; } void setPathway(string pathwaytype, string value) { cout << temp << endl << " Pathway(" << pathwaytype << "): " << value; desc = desc + temp; } const string getState() { return desc; } private: string desc, temp; };

7. C h a p t e r 3 – P a g e 28 class Builder { public: virtual void configureFile(string name) = 0; virtual void configureQueue(string queue) = 0; virtual void configurePathway(string type) = 0; DistributedWorkPackage *getResult() { return result; } protected: DistributedWorkPackage *result; }; class UnixBuilder: public Builder { public: UnixBuilder() { result = new DistributedWorkPackage("Unix"); } void configureFile(string name) { result->setFile("flatFile", name); } void configureQueue(string queue) { result->setQueue("FIFO", queue); } void configurePathway(string type) { result->setPathway("thread", type); } }; class VmsBuilder: public Builder { public: VmsBuilder() { result = new DistributedWorkPackage("Vms"); } void configureFile(string name) { result->setFile("ISAM", name); } void configureQueue(string queue) { result->setQueue("priority", queue); } void configurePathway(string type) { result->setPathway("LWP", type); } }; class Reader { public: void setBuilder(Builder *b) { builder = b; } void construct(PersistenceAttribute list[], int num); private: Builder *builder; };

8. C h a p t e r 3 – P a g e 29 void Reader::construct(PersistenceAttribute list[], int num) { for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) if (list[i].type == File) builder->configureFile(list[i].value); else if (list[i].type == Queue) builder->configureQueue(list[i].value); else if (list[i].type == Pathway) builder->configurePathway(list[i].value); } const int NUM_ENTRIES = 6; PersistenceAttribute input[NUM_ENTRIES] = { { File, "state.dat" }, { File, "config.sys" }, { Queue, "compute" }, { Queue, "log" }, { Pathway, "authentication" }, { Pathway, "error processing" } }; void main() { UnixBuilder unixBuilder; Reader reader; reader.setBuilder(&unixBuilder); reader.construct(input, NUM_ENTRIES); cout getState() << endl << endl; VmsBuilder vmsBuilder; reader.setBuilder(&vmsBuilder); reader.construct(input, NUM_ENTRIES); cout getState() << endl << endl; }

9. Builder Design Advantages C h a p t e r 3 – P a g e 30 The Builder pattern ensures that all steps to create a product are carried out in the appropriate order without burdening the client with the details. At the same time, however, it affords the client the flexibility to substitute methods and components as long as the substitutions don’t damage the building process. While the Abstract Factory pattern focuses on what is being built, the Builder pattern concentrates on how it is being built. When the object being produced is particularly complex, the Builder pattern provides finer control over the step-by-step construction process.