1. Noise from Oil & Gas Facilities – “Acoustics 101” and Best Practices for Noise Control Rob Stevens, HGC Engineering

2. Noise From Oil & Gas Facilities “Acoustics 101” and Best Practices for Noise Control Rob Stevens – HGC Engineering

3. Environmental Noise From Oil and Gas Facilities 1.“Acoustics 101” 2.Best Practices for Noise Control

4. “Acoustics 101” for Oil & Gas Plants Why Care About Noise? The Science of Sound Measures for Time-varying Sound Frequency and Pitch Octave Bands & A-weighting Environmental Sound Level Limits (Sound Pressure versus Sound Power) If time allows

5. Why care about noise?

6. Outdoors (“Environmental”) – LEGAL REQUIREMENTS. Avoid adverse impact: disturbance, annoyance, loss of enjoyment of property, interference with sleep Workplace Noise Exposure – LEGAL REQUIREMENTS. Avoid risk of hearing loss Indoors (Lab, Office, Control Room): – Communications, comfort & productivity, avoiding fatigue

7. Environmental (Offsite) Noise Impact There are legislative noise limits in many jurisdictions, sometimes with reporting/permitting requirements: Federal/State Environmental Protect Act(s) Municipal codes, ordinances, bylaws Requirements of financiers – World Bank, International Finance Corporation, International Development Corporation, sovereign development banks

8. A Bit about the Science of Sound

9. Sound = Air pressure fluctuations (in the range of 20 to 20,000 per second)

10. The Ear is Essentially a Microphone

11. Sound = Air pressure fluctuations (in the range of 20 to 20,000 per second) Amplitude of fluctuations => Loudness

12. Sound = Air pressure fluctuations (in the range of 20 to 20,000 per second)

13. Sound Pressure Level, Decibels Audible range of loudness is immense – more than a factor of one million, from 20 micro-Pascals (µPa) to more than 20,000,000 µPa So, we use a logarithmic scale, in units of “decibels”

14. Sound Pressure Level, Decibels Sound pressure level “L P ” in decibels is defined as: L P = 20log(p/p 0 ) p 0 = 20 micro-Pascals = 0 dB ≈ Threshold of Hearing

15. 0.00002 Pa 0.002 Pa 0.2 Pa 2.0 Pa 1 x 100 x 10,000 x 1,000,000 x

16. Time-varying Sound

17. Steady sound, the level is obvious...

18. What is the level of this sound?

19. Most Common Descriptor for Time-varying sound: L EQ L EQ = Energy equivalent sound exposure level (over a given time period) Like an average, but a logarithmic average Definition: L EQ is the hypothetical steady sound level that would contain the same energy in a given period of time as the actual time-varying sound

20. Another Important Descriptor for Time-varying sound: L 90 L 90 = “Ninetieth percentile exceedance” sound level The sound level that is exceeded 90% of the time in a given period Useful for capturing the steady component of the sound, and rejecting short term transient sounds

23. The Use of L EQ and L 90 L EQ correlates well with potential of a sound to disturb residents L EQ is the basis of most environmental noise legislation L 90 is useful to isolate the sound of a steady industry from transient background sounds e.g., traffic, birds, voices

24. The Weighted Day/Night Equivalent Level: L DN Used in some jurisdictions: L DN is a 24 hour LEQ with the nighttime-average levels penalized by +10 dBA Usually for L DN, daytime is defined as 07:00 to 22:00 and nighttime as 22:00 to 07:00 L DN is an alternative to having separate daytime and nighttime limits (usually with nighttime being more restrictive)

25. Acoustic Frequency

26. Frequency In addition to differences in level of sound (loudness), the ear can detect differences in frequency (tone, pitch) Frequency = rate of pressure oscillations Measured in Hz Hz = “cycles per second”

27. Frequency

30. Many “noises” contain an irregular mixture of multiple frequencies (Whereas (most) music contains a harmonious mixture of multiple frequencies) How to handle the multitude of frequencies contained in a sound or noise, when measuring?

31. Frequency – Octave Bands

32. Frequency Octave frequency bands can be inconvenient – a spectrum of levels… Also, a spectrum does not intuitively describe how loud the combined sound is To make simpler and more intuitive, we use the A- weighted sum (single number) particularly for environmental noise (outdoors)

33. Frequency – A-weighting Human ear is not equally sensitive to sounds (or components of a sound) having different frequencies Frequency response of the human ear is referred to as the “A curve” We apply the A curve weightings to the levels at each frequency and sum the result into a single number

34. Frequency – A-weighting

35. An A-weighted sum (dBA) is a good single-number descriptor of the loudness of a sound Levels measured in dBA correlate well with the potential of a sound to cause disturbance or annoyance in a community So, environmental noise limits are quoted in units of dBA However, for the more detailed purpose of acoustical modeling, analysis and noise control, spectral levels (e.g., octave bands) are necessary

36. Environmental Noise Limits

37. Usually legally mandated – Federal/ State/Municipal In US, usually Municipal Resource of links to noise laws by jurisdiction: www.noise-ordinances.com

38. Environmental Noise Limits How They Vary Location at which the limits apply? Point of reception – e.g., neighboring residence, or Property line, or Point of emission – e.g., 25’ from equipment

39. Environmental Noise Limits Quantitative or Qualitative e.g., “not clearly audible” versus L EQ ≤ 45 dBA Time period of limits? Worst case 1 hour L EQ day/night Full day/full night Leq – 15 hour / 9 hour 24 hour period using L DN Fixed Limits (e.g., 45 dBA) or relative to background sound?

40. Environmental Noise Limits E.g., New Jersey State Noise Limits: Point of reception – neighbouring property line Daytime/Nighttime: 07:00 to 22:00 & 22:00 to 07:00 Duration – Unclear! L EQ ? L P ? 1 hour? Full period? Fixed Limits: Residential 65 dBA day; 50 dBA night

41. Best Practices for Noise Control

42. Assess noise when contemplating: New facility Addition or modification to an existing facility Periodically, if required by regulator or from time to time as a best practice Complaint received

43. Best Practices for Noise Control In most cases, assessing noise requires an Engineering Noise Study by a qualified practitioner Except when a contemplated undertaking involves direct replacement of existing equipment or new equipment/activities that are acoustically negligible “Qualified practitioner” could be internal, or an outside consultant

44. Best Practices for Noise Control An Engineering Noise Study entails: Identifying governing laws, codes, guidelines Establishing the applicable sound level limits Preparing a sound source inventory Quantifying the facility-total sound levels Evaluating the facility-total sound levels against limits If needed, developing noise control recommendations Creating a report, perhaps for submission to regulator

45. Best Practices for Noise Control The Equity Engineering Group (E 2 G) is a firm specializing in outsourcing of technical specifications and Best Practices. E 2 G has a published “Noise Control Best Practice” document for Oil & Gas and Petrochemical facilities See: www.equityeng.comwww.equityeng.com

46. Optional (Time Permitting): Sound Power vs Sound Pressure

47. Sound Power vs Sound Pressure Sound pressure level represents the magnitude of resulting air pressure fluctuations at some defined point in space (the effect). Sound power level is the total rate at which a source emits sound energy into the surrounding environment (the cause).

48. Sound Power vs Sound Pressure Thermal Analogy Thermal Power (Watts) Temperature (degrees)

49. Sound Power vs Sound Pressure Sound Power Level (dB re 10 -12 W) Sound Pressure Level (dB re 20 µPa)

50. Sound Power vs Sound Pressure Sound pressure level depends upon: Source sound power level Source-receiver distance Reverberation/Reflections Background Sound Sound power level is a fundamental quantity, independent of these environmental factors.

51. Sound Power vs Sound Pressure Because sound power is a fundamental quantity, it is preferred for specifying the maximum sound output of equipment (or comparing one item to another) A calculation is needed to determine sound pressure from sound power, or vice versa (depends on room, distance, orientation, etc.)

52. Can Estimate Sound Power by Measuring Sound Pressure Fine if there is no background sound or room reverberation Sound Level Meter

53. Or Measure True Sound Power Using Sound Intensity Instrumentation & Methods Sound Intensity Probe

54. Sound Power vs Sound Pressure More information about sound power measurement using sound intensity methods at: www.SoundIntensity.com

55. Conference participants are eligible for up to 13 contact hours 1.3 CEUs. Forms will be available after lunch on Wednesday at the registration are. Return completed forms at the conclusion of the conference. Please remember to fill out the conference survey. This will be sent to you by email. https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/2015OGENV https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/2015OGENV