1. B ELL R INGER  Our Founding Fathers looked to others when writing the Constitution. Why do you think they looked at past governments and documents for guidance? Do you think this benefitted our current government or hindered it? Why or how?

2. R OOTS OF THE C ONSTITUTION

3. T HE E NLIGHTENMENT  Framers of the Constitution had studied gov’t, history, & politics  Many ideas in the Constitution came from the study of European political institutions & political writers  British system of gov’t & British ideas & institutions influenced the framers of the Constitution  Framers took ideas about government from European writers of the Enlightenment Promoted knowledge, reason, & science as the way to improve society

4. T HE E NLIGHTENMENT P HILOSOPHERS  John Locke (English philosopher)-all people have natural rights, including life, liberty, & property; gov’t is an agreement between the people & the ruler Declaration of Independence includes our Unalienable Rights- Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness Constitution was a contract between the American people & their gov’t, & it protected the people’s natural rights by limiting the power of the gov’t  French writer Baron de Montesquieu-separation & balance of powers should exist; powers of gov’t should be clearly defined & limited Framers provided for a separation of powers; provided for a system of checks & balances to make sure that no one part would gain too much power

6. M AGNA C ARTA (1215)  Was the first English document to limit absolute power of the king and grant rights to freemen.  Created rule by law rather than rule by men  Meaning that there were laws that even the king could not break  Set a precedent for rights guaranteed by the Constitution  Where we got the ideas of:  Limited Government  No new taxes unless approved by Congress  Trial by jury

7. E NGLISH B ILL OF R IGHTS (1689)  England’s rulers agreed not to have a standing army or impose new taxes without the permission of Parliament  States rights of individual citizens:  Guaranteed trial by jury, the right to petition, freedom of speech, and other personal freedoms  Served as a model for the U.S. Bill of Rights

8. M AYFLOWER C OMPACT (1620)  Social contract signed by the Pilgrims  Established representative form of self-government in the colony  Also agreed that they would follow the laws of the colonial government  Created a model for the rule of law and representative government.  Influenced Constitution – people can rule themselves

9. D ECLARATION OF I NDEPENDENCE (1776)  Grievances listed in the Declaration were regarding violations of rights committed by King George III  All grievances were addressed in Constitution  Many of the provisions of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights were included to prevent a repetition of similar abuses of power

10. T HE F EDERALISTS P APERS  Federalists supported the Constitution  Included: George Washington, Ben Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, & John Jay  Madison, Hamilton, & Jay wrote the Federalist Papers, a collection of essays explaining & defending the Constitution  Series of 85 essays to persuade the states to ratify the Constitution  Helped explain how the new republican system of government worked  Federalists feared disorder without a strong federal gov’t

11. A NTIFEDERALISTS W RITINGS  Antifederalists opposed ratification  Included: Samuel Adams, George Mason, and Patrick Henry  Wrote a series of essays known as the Antifederalists Papers  Believed that the new Constitution would take away peoples liberties, create a strong central government, & ignore the will of the states & the people  Wanted a bill of rights  Worried gov’t would be run by a small educated group of people