1. 日本研究演習 ( 英語 ) Ａ Chris Burgess (1 号館 1308 研究室、内線 164) cburgess@tsuda.ac.jp / http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess

2. 電通、海外 16 地域で日本のイメージや興味 ・関心を調査 ― 「ジャパン・ブランド」に好影響を与え る日本人イメージ ― www.dentsu.co.jp/news/release/2012/pdf/2012077-0704.pdf

3. How interested are you in these aspects of Japan? 1) Travel/Natural Landscapes 2) Food 3) Technology

4. When you hear the words “Japanese Person” what kind of Image do you have? diligent creative particular delicate sense of solidarity quiet/meek trustworthy courteous friendly kind

5. 「国民性調査と国際比較調 査」

6. Today: what is a “global person” and is it compatible with Japanese identity?

7. Abe’s “Growth Strategy” ( 成長戦略） Attracting & Nurturing “Global Human Resources” ( グローバル人材） 世界的な競争と共生が進む現代社会にお いて、日本人としてのアイデンティティ を持ちながら、広い視野に立って培われ る教養と専門性、異なる言語、文化、価 値を乗り越えて関係を構築するためのコ ミュニケーション能力と協調性、新しい 価値を創造する能力、次世代までも視野 に入れた社会貢献の意識などを持った人 間 グローバル人材育成推進会議（ 2011:3 ） じんざい

8. Abe’s “Growth Strategy” ( 成長戦略） Attracting & Nurturing “Global Human Resources” ( グローバル人材） グローバル人材育成推進会議（ 2011:3 ） じんざい “A person who, while having a sense of their own identity as Japanese, possesses (1) broad world-view and knowledge, (2) communication ability and cooperativeness that enables that to deal with different languages, cultures, and values, (3) the ability to create new values, and (4) a future-oriented consciousness of the importance of contributing to society.”

10. University “Internationalisation” Measures NationalPublicPrivate English tests Original Eng. materials Eng. Class streaming All English classes

11. The Origins of Japan’s “Internationalisation” ( 国際化 ) To open up or close in? こく さい か

12. Origins of Kokusaika 1960-1980: The Japanese miracle –Rapid economic development, focus on economic diplomacy 1980s: Growing criticism of Japan as “economic animal” –“Japan-bashing” gains prominence –Interpreted as product of misunderstanding: moves to promote “correct understanding” ( ただしいりか い） throughout the world 1979

13. グローバル化 TRADE 円 高 MIGRATION REFUGEES 外圧 がいあつ JAPAN- BASHING

14. グローバル化 MIGRATION REFUGEES 外圧 JAPAN- BASHING 国際国家日本 TRADE 円 高

15. グローバル化 MIGRATION 外圧 JAPAN- BASHING 国際国家日本 Spread of Japanese Culture, History, Values, Perspectives… TRADE 円 高

16. “Japan embarked on kokusaika in the 1980's primarily to alleviate the foreign pressure to open up its markets to foreign goods and services. Former prime-minister Yasuhiro Nakasone made kokusaika an official policy when he declared the creation of a kokusai kokka nihon ('an international country Japan') at the ninety-seventh session of the Japanese Parliament in 1984” (Itoh 1998: 6).

17. Origins of Kokusaika Kokusaika became firmly rooted in popular currency following the establishment of the Nakasone cabinet in 1982 Nakasone‘s 1984 pledge to transform Japan into an ‘international country’ a seminal moment in the development of the term kokusaika

18. Who was Nakasone? Nakasone was a conservative LDP politician known for privatisation and reviving Japanese nationalism ( 保守 革命 ) –twice visited Yasukuni Both a cultural nationalist AND an internationalist?!? PM 1982-1987

19. Infamous 1986 “homogeneous nation” pronouncement “Japan is an ethnically homogeneous nation ( た んいつみんぞく ) so it is able to maintain a high educational level, but this is difficult for America because it is a multicultural country…the presence of blacks and Puerto-Ricans etc means the average intellectual level is low.” 「日本は単一民族だから高い教育水準を保 つことが出来るが、アメリカは多民族社会 だから日本に比べてそれが困難という意 味」

20. What is Kokusaika? On the surface, it implies both a physical and psychological opening up (like the English) In practice, in its dominant conservative manifestation at least, kokusaika is characterised less as an opening up and more as neo-nationalist defensive closing in: a kind of updated Nihonjinron…

21. “[Kokusaika] is a conservative policy that reflects the other side of a renewed sense of Japanese national pride, if not nationalism... instead of opening up Japan to the struggle of different nationalities and ethnicities, the policy of internationalization implies the opposite: the thorough domestication of the foreign and the dissemination of Japanese culture throughout the world.” (Ivy 1995: 3).

22. The Waning of Kokusaika? With the bursting of the bubble at the beginning of the 1990s, however, the kokusaika discourse began to lose popularity, and the challenge for Japan to genuinely open up and engage more fully with the outside world was one that could no longer be avoided. Japan little choice but to embrace the concept of globalisation…

23. Number of Articles Containing “Kokusaika” and “Gurōbaruka” 1984-2011 Source: Asahi Shimbun Database.

24. “The usage of ‘global’ in the media discourse clearly reads as more passive and less confident, signifying the decay and crisis of Japan. As the term ‘global standard’ exemplifies, Japanese discourses of globalization have most notably revolved around the necessity for Japan to readjust itself to the new US-led global economic order.” (Iwabuchi 2005:104)

25. Internationalisation vs Globalisation Both involve coping and responding to outside challenges and criticism BUT gurōbaruka demands passive compliance with external norms which Japan is unable to control, whereas kokusaika actively pushes back against perceived threats to Japanese identity –Kokusaika is an activity Japanese engage in

26. Plan to increase the number of foreign students studying in Japan to 300,000 by 2020 ‘to promote Japan as an open country in a time of globalization’ (c.f. ‘83 「留学生受入れ 10 万人計画」 - goal achieved ‘03) 139,185 international students were studying in Japan as of May 1, 2014, down from 2010 peak (JASSO) “Working closely with industries, schools and the government, (I) would like to expand (the number) of skilled people （優秀な人材） from abroad to (Japanese) graduate schools and corporations.” Japan as an “Open Country” ( 開かれた日本 ) 留学生３０万人計画 (Fukuda, policy speech to Diet, Jan. ’08) ひら

27. 300,000 Japanese to study abroad by 2020 ( 海外派遣３０万人） =10% of all 22-year olds –Only 60,138 in 2012… 18 million foreign tourists by 2016 –up from 8.6 million in 2010 20 million Japanese tourists by 2016 –Up from 17 million in 2011 Other “Opening-up” Goals

28. Heisei-era Opening of Japan ( 平成の開国 ) Kan's speech at the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum focused on two themes — the opening up of Japan and the importance of reinforcing social bonds. “accelerating the drive to further open Japan's doors to the rest of the world will serve as an economic catalyst” He said that 2011 will be what he termed the "third opening of Japan," following one about 150 years ago when it started to modernize by adopting Western ideas and another after the war, when it followed the path of democracy and a free economy. January 2011 （かいこ く）

29. Fostering Global Human Resources ( グローバル人材の育成） （ The Council on Promotion of Human Resources for Globalization Development ） “As globalization gathers speed for the international economy of the 21st century, it is of great necessity to continuously develop “global human resources” who possess rich linguistic and communication skills and intercultural experiences, and thrive internationally. With the awareness of such issues, the Council was established in May 2011 in the aims of cultivating “global human resources” who will drive Japan….” じんざい い くせい

30. What is a 「国際人」 / 「グロー バル人材」？ GROUP ACTIVITY What are the most important qualities that define a “kokusaijin”or “global person”…? （こくさいじ ん） （じんざ い）

31. Characteristics of the 「国際 人」 Japan 独・印・ 米 K: Foreign Language ( 英語 ) K: World/Japan Affairs E: Abroad with foreigners P: Broad-mindedness P: Sociability P: Lack of prejudice & fear P: Interest in world affairs P: Interest in peace, 環境、人 権 38.8 21.3 13.7 9.5 8.4 4.2 2.7 1.4 4.7 11 3.8 24.5 19.4 11.3 16.8 13 Yoneoka 2000

32. Cosmopolitan 1.a person who has lived and traveled in many countries, especially one who is free of national prejudices 2.having interest in or being familiar with many parts of the world 3.sophisticated or urbane EXTRA READING (on class HP) “To globalise or not to globalise? ‘Inward- looking youth’ as scapegoats for Japan’s failure to secure and cultivate ‘global human resources’”

33. 日本研究演習 ( 英語 ) Ａ Chris Burgess (1 号館 1308 研究室、内線 164) cburgess@tsuda.ac.jp / http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess

35. ％ of Population 65 or over

36. Actual and Predicted Birthrate

37. Average Life Expectancy

40. Are foreigners living in Japan ( 日本 在住 ) citizens ( 国民 )? Legally, ‘ 日本国民 ’ defined as those holding Japanese nationality In the constitution, ‘the people’ is translated as 国民 in Japanese –So the human rights of foreign residents are not guaranteed by the constitution?!?

45. Are foreigners living in Japan ( 日本 在住 ) citizens ( 国民 )? Legally, ‘ 日本国民 ’ defined as those holding Japanese nationality In the constitution, ‘the people’ is translated as 国民 in Japanese –So the human rights of foreign residents are not guaranteed by the constitution?!?

46. 難民の第三国 定住 アントニオ・グテーレス国連難民高等弁務官は、難 民政策に関する協議や日・国連難民高等弁務官事務 所（ UNHCR ）協力の強化を目的として、 11 月 19 日 （木曜日）から 20 日（金曜日）までの間来日します。 Nov. 2010