1. Market Failures and the Role of the Government
Unit IV:
Market Failures and the Role of the Government 1

2. Market Failure #2 EXTERNALITIES

3. What are Externalities? Why are Externalities Market Failures?
An externality is a third-person side effect.
There are EXTERNAL benefits or external costs to someone other than the original decision maker.
Why are Externalities Market Failures?
The free market fails to include external costs or external benefits.
With no government involvement there would be too much of some goods and too little of others.
Example: Smoking Cigarettes.
The free market assumes that the cost of smoking is fully paid by people who smoke.
The government recognizes external costs and makes policies to limit smoking.

4. Negative Externalities
Smog
Traffic

5. Negative Externalities
(aka: Spillover Costs)
Situation that results in a COST for a different person other than the original decision maker.
The costs “spillover” to other people or society.
Example: A chemical company that pollutes the air when it produces its good.
The firm only looks at its INTERNAL costs.
The firms ignores the social cost of pollution
So, the firm’s marginal cost curve is its supply curve
When you factor in EXTERNAL costs, the firm is producing too much of its product.
The government recognizes this and limits production.

6. The marginal private cost doesn’t include the costs to society.
Market for Cigarettes
The marginal private cost doesn’t include the costs to society. P
Supply = Marginal
Private Cost
D=MSB Q
QFree Market

7. What will the MC/Supply look like when EXTERNAL cost are factor in?
Market for Cigarettes
What will the MC/Supply look like when EXTERNAL cost are factor in?
Supply =
Marginal
Social Cost P
Supply = Marginal
Private Cost
D=MSB Q
QOptimal
QFree Market 7

8. Market for Cigarettes
If the market produces QFM why is it a market failure? P
S =MSC
S=MPC
At QFM the MSC is greater than the MSB. Too much is being produced
Overallocation
D=MSB Q
QOptimal
QFree Market 8

9. Market for Cigarettes
What should the government do to fix a negative externality? P
S =MSC
S=MPC
Solution: Tax the amount of the externality
(Per Unit Tax)
D=MSB Q
QOptimal
QFree Market 9

10. Market for Cigarettes
What should the government do to fix a negative externality? P
S =MSC
=MPC
MSB = MSC
S=MPC
Solution: Tax the amount of the externality
(Per Unit Tax)
D=MSB Q
QOptimal
QFree Market 10

11. Positive Externalities

12. Positive Externalities
(aka: Spillover Benefits)
Situations that result in a BENEFIT for someone other than the original decision maker.
The benefits “spillover” to other people or society.
(EX: Flu Vaccines, Education, Home Renovation)
Example: A mom decides to get a flu vaccine for her child
Mom only looks at the INTERNAL benefits.
She ignores the social benefits of a healthier society.
So, her private marginal benefit is her demand
When you factor in EXTERNAL benefits the marginal benefit and demand would be greater.
The government recognizes this and subsidizes flu shots.

13. CDC: Child Vaccine Program Prevented 731K Deaths, Saved $1
CDC: Child Vaccine Program Prevented 731K Deaths, Saved $1.7 Trillion April 25, 2014
During the first 20 years of the Vaccines for Children program, routine childhood vaccinations have prevented an estimated 731,700 premature deaths, 21 million hospitalizations and 322 million diseases, according to a CDC report published Friday in the Los Angeles Times.
The VFC program was created after an outbreak of 55,000 measles cases between 1989 and The program aims to ensure that children receive recommended vaccinations regardless of their ability to pay (Kaplan, "Science Now," Los Angeles Times, 4/24).
For the report, researchers analyzed the costs and benefits of vaccines administered under VFC by comparing vaccination rates from 1994 to 2013 with data -- as reported by the U.S. Immunization Survey -- from 1967 to 1985 and from NHIS' data from 1991 to 1993.
The report found that vaccines administered during the two-decade period saved the U.S. $1.7 trillion. About $295 billion of that figure is from direct costs that were averted, and $1.38 trillion is the estimated net savings to the country, "Science Now" reports.

14. D=Marginal Private Benefit
Market for Flu Shots
The marginal private benefit doesn’t include the additional benefits to society. P
S = MSC
D=Marginal Private Benefit Q
QFree Market 14

15. Market for Flu Shots
What will the MB/D look like when EXTERNAL benefits are factor in? P
S = MSC
D=Marginal Social Benefit
D=Marginal Private Benefit Q
QFM
QOptimal 15

16. Market for Flu Shots
If the market produces QFM why is it a market failure? P
S = MSC
D=Marginal Social Benefit
D=MSB Q
QFM
QOptimal 16

17. Market for Flu Shots At QFM the MSC is less than the MSB.
Too little is being produced P
S = MSC
D=Marginal Social Benefit
Underallocation Q
QFM
QOptimal 17

18. Market for Flu Shots
What should the government do to fix a negative externality? P
Subsidize the amount of the externality (Per Unit Subsidy)
S = MSC
D=MSB
=MPB
D=MPB Q
QFM
QOptimal 18

19. 2010 Practice FRQ 19

20. 2010 Practice FRQ 5 points (2+1+2) (a) 2 points:
• One point is earned for identifying the consumer surplus as P3JM.
• One point is earned for identifying the producer surplus as P1P3M.
(b) 1 point:
• One point is earned for identifying the socially optimal quantity as q1.
(c) 2 points:
• One point is earned for identifying the consumer surplus as P5JK.
• One point is earned for indicating that there is no deadweight loss.
2010 Practice FRQ

21. Review 1. What is an Externality?
When EXTERNAL benefits or external costs are on someone other than the original decision maker.
2. Why are Externalities Market Failures?
The free market fails to include external costs or external benefits.
3. Explain why the graph for a Negative Externality has two supply curves.
Two Costs: Private and Social
4. Explain why the graph for a Positive Externality has two demand curves.
Two Benefits: Private and Social

22. The Economics of Pollution

23. Economics of Pollution
Why are public bathrooms so gross?
The Tragedy of the Commons
(AKA: The Common Pool Problem)
Goods that are available to everyone (air, oceans, lakes, public bathrooms) are often polluted since no one has the incentive to keep them clean.
There is no monetary incentive to use them efficiently.
Result is high spillover costs.
Example: Over fishing in the ocean

24. The Common Pool Problem

25. Perverse Incentives Are there “market solutions” to these problems?
In 1970, the government tried to protect endangered woodpeckers by requiring land developers to report nests on their land to the EPA.
The population of these bird decreased. Why?
Land owners would kill the birds or else risk lengthy production delays. (Known as “Shoot, Shovel, and Shut Up”)
Assume the government wanted to limit a firm from polluting. They tell them they will inspect them twice and they must reduce pollution by 5%.
The amount of pollutants would increase. Why?
These firm will have the incentive to pollute more prior to inspection.
Are there “market solutions” to these problems?
For situation one, the environmentalist can give land developers money for each nest they have. They will then have the incentive to keep the environment clean and protect the birds.
For the second situation, the government can sell the right to pollute.

26. Government can sell the right to pollute
How can markets and self interest help to limit pollution?
Government can sell the right to pollute
Assume the lake can naturally absorb 500 gallons of pollutants each year
100
The Gov’t sells each firm the right to pollute a set number of gallons
200
Limit the amount they pollute and sell their excess pollution rights. No matter how much they increase output the total amount of pollutant in the lake will never go above 500. If the price goes up for the pollution rights the firms will have even a higher incentive to clean up.
100
Now what does each firm have the incentive to do? 50 50