1. (Corporate) Environmental Management Systems (EMS) “Business of tomorrow is not only about products or productivity it is more about the way how business is done … » 1

2. Agenda 1.Method: Life Cycle Assessment 2.Example: Coffee Maker (four steps) 3.Environmental Management systems (EMS) ISO 14001 4.Assignment week 10: Ecological Footprint 2

3. Source: R. E. Ricklefs’ Economy of Nature 1. Life Cycle Assessment A simple overview of a complex process … everything is connected 3

4. 1. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) LCA is a method that considers energy and raw material consumption, different types of emissions and other important factors related to a specific product’s entire life cycle from an environmental point of view. 4 (c) 2006 Dr. Bert Bras & Felipe Roman, Georgia Institute of Technology (for LCA)

5. Introduction LCA: 1. Life Cycle Assessment 5

6. 1. Life Cycle Assessment Framework ISO 1404x Interpretation (ISO 14043) Goal and Scope Definition (ISO 14040) Inventory Analysis (ISO 14041) Impact Assessment (ISO 14042) Improvement Assessment / 6

7. Source: http://home.howstuffworks.com/coffee-maker.htm 2. Example: Coffee Maker 7

8. Step 1: Coffee Maker Purpose of a LCA? Determine how to improve the environmental performance of a coffee maker Possible Decision criteria? o total energy consumed (cp. slide 5) o eco-indicator 99 score (EI99) o equivalent CO 2 produced (carbon footprint) Function of a coffee maker? Functional units? Cups of coffee poured, Time coffee is warmed etc. System boundaries? Five years of use, Europe, only production, usage & end-of-life stages 8

9. Establish purpose & goal Define decision criteria, function and functional unit Define system boundaries o Place (world/continent/country; cp. down right) o Life cycle stages (cp. top right) o Time (to be defined individually) Determine required data quality / sources (most complicated issue in practise) Step 1: Goal Definition & Scope

10. The more processes, the more complex … Raw Materials Manufacturing Process Energy Water Solid Waste Liquid Waste Gas Waste Manufacturing Process Energy Water Solid Waste Liquid Waste Gas Waste Manufacturing Process Energy Water Solid Waste Liquid Waste Gas Waste Manufacturing Process Energy Water Solid Waste Liquid Waste Gas Waste End Product 10 Step 1: e.g. Life cycle stages

11. Difficulties & Limitations of Step 1 How do you compare different products that provide similar functions or services? How do you compare similar products that provide multiple functions or services? How do you define more abstract functional units such as entertainment from toys or higher self-respect? Where do you stop drawing the bounds to your system? 11

12. Step 2: Inventory Analysis 1.Make a process tree or flow chart classifying events in a product’s life cycle 2.Determine all mass and energy inputs and outputs 3.Collect relevant data! 4.Make assumptions for missing data 5.Establish (correct) material and energy balance(s) for each stage and event 12

13. Understand the product components & materials first Top (internal) View Heater View Rested (bottom) View Bottom (internal) View Total View Source: http://home.howstuffworks.com/coffee-maker.htm Step 2: Coffee Maker 13

14. Simplified process tree for coffee maker Source: http://www.pre.nl/download/EI99_Manual.pdf Step 2: Coffee Maker (cont.) 14

15. Lifecycle inventory for coffee maker Boxes for packaging are not included in assessment/inventory Source: http://www.pre.nl/download/EI99_Manual.pdf Step 2: Coffee Maker (cont.) 15

16. Difficulties & Limitations of Step 2 Finding data is hard and usually very time- consuming Published data on material loads exist, but is often inconsistent and/or not directly applicable Obtained data are usually discrete, static and linear (makes many simplifying assumptions) Mistakes are easily made in quantification Mass and energy balances may not be correct Results can be generalized improperly 16

17. Environmental Impact Environmental Load greenhouse effect ozone layer depletion eutrophication depletion of abiotic resources (summer) smog acidification copper CO2 CFC SO2 NOx phosphorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) heavy metals PCB pesticides styrene eco-toxicity depletion of biotic resources human toxicity odour Scalar Indicator Step 3: Impact Analysis 1.Define impact categories 2.Determine which loads affect different impact categories 3.Assign indicators to impact categories 4.Weigh importance of each category 17

18. … the output, but … what is better?... Step 3: e.g. Paper or Plastic? 18

19. Source: http://www.pre.nl/download/EI99_Manual.pdf Step 3: Coffee Maker 19

20. Difficulties & Limitations of Step 3 Subjective, subjective, subjective!  Impact categories chosen  Indicators chosen for impact categories  How metrics / load affect impact indicators  Weightings used for impact categories Where are the impacts occurring?  U.S., Europe, Brazil? How much can that area take before it breaks down? Or can it handle it without any problems? How are managers and engineers supposed to know the effects of every load on the different impacts? 20

21. Step 4: Improvement Analysis 1.Identify areas & opportunities for improvement 2.Evaluate with respect to the original goal definition 3.Target lifecycle areas/processes/events with large impacts Large amounts with low hazard Small amounts with high hazard 4.Ask yourself: What are the resources required and risks involved? 21

22. How to improve our coffee maker? Where should we focus? Source: http://www.pre.nl/download/EI99_Manual.pdf Step 4: Coffee Maker 22

23. Table Source & Figures from 1 st Slide: Ashby and coauthors, 2004, “The CES Eco-Selector – background reading”, 2 nd edition, University of Cambridge and Granta Design, pp. 1-32. General Comments / Discussion A domestic coffee maker is a simple product  How would it be different from a commercial coffee maker (e.g. Starbucks)? It is fairly representative of appliances - main impact is use phase  What other products have their main impact in the use phase? Which products have their main impact in the production or disposal phase? 23

24. 2. LCA - Summary Focus should be on the product’s entire lifecycle, not the product itself We saw the main steps of LCA (ISO 14040-14043) We saw the limitations & difficulties within each step of LCA Although LCA has various limitations, its underlying philosophy is the right direction 24

25. 3. Environmental Management Systems 25

26. 3. Environmental Management Systems 26

27. A management system means what the organisation has to manage concerning its processes or activities in order that its products or services meet the organisation’s objectives, such as satisfying the customer's requirements, complying to regulations or meeting environmental objectives 3. Environmental Management Systems 27

28. ISO 9000ff. and ISO 14000ff. are among ISO's most well known standards ever. They are implemented by more than a million organisations in 175 countries. ISO 9001 helps organisations to implement quality management. ISO 14001 helps organisations to implement environmental management. New 2010: ISO 26000 helps organisations to implement social responsibility. 3. Environmental Management Systems Surrounding/some connections: 28

29. ISO 14001 is for environmental management. This means what the organisation does, in order to: minimize harmful effects on the environment caused by its activities, to conform to applicable regulatory requirements, and to achieve continual improvement of its environmental performance. 3. Environmental Management Systems 29

30. ISO 14001 + Most widely recognised and adopted standard > 130,000 organisations certified worldwide Well established, good reputation Internationally recognised Can take a long time to implement – especially within large complex organisations Can be costly to implement – tools and consultancy (in Europe also the EMAS system, not considered here) See additionally: http://www.praxiom.com/iso-14001.htm 30 3. Environmental Management Systems

31. CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 4.2 PLANNING 4.3 PLANNING 4.3 IMPLEMENTATION OPERATION 4.4 IMPLEMENTATION OPERATION 4.4 VERIFICATION CORRECTIVE ACTION 4.5 VERIFICATION CORRECTIVE ACTION 4.5 MANAGEMENT REVIEW 4.6 MANAGEMENT REVIEW 4.6 ISO 14001 SYSTEMIC REQUIREMENTS 4.1 31

32. The overview of a complex process … everything is connected … a huge amount of challenges to solve! 32

33. Assignment: Ecological Footprint 4. Assignment: Ecological Footprint You now have seen the general impact of companies, see in addition your personal impact! Assignment for week 10: (Introduction ecological footprint) please read the document on PB WorksPB Works and make the 2 assignments: fill in your own ecological footprint answer a few questions relating to this method.  bring the results in class (week 10) 33