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2. University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 2/25 Architecture 324 Structures II Combined Materials Strain Compatibility Transformed Sections Flitched Beams

3. University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 3/25 Strain Compatibility With the two materials bonded together, both will act as one and the deformation in each is the same. Therefore, the strains will be the same in each under axial load, and in flexure stains are the same as in a solid section, i.e. linear. In flexure, if the two materials are at the same distance from the N.A., they will have the same strain at that point. Therefore, the strains are “compatible”. Flexure Axial Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

4. University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 4/25 Strain Compatibility (cont.) The stress in each material is determined by using Young’s Modulus Care must be taken that the elastic limit of each material is not exceeded, in either stress or strain. Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

5. University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 5/25 Transformed Sections Because the material stiffness E can vary for the combined materials, the Moment of Inertia, I, needs to be calculated using a “transformed section”. In a transformed section, one material is transformed into an equivalent amount of the other material. The equivalence is based on the modular ratio, n. Based on the transformed section, I tr can be calculated, and used to find flexural stress and deflection. Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

6. University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 6/25 Flitched Beams & Scab Plates Compatible with wood structure, i.e. can be nailed Lighter weight than steel section Less deep than wood alone Stronger than wood alone Allow longer spans Can be designed over partial span to optimize the section (scab plates) Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

7. University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 7/25 Analysis Procedure: 1.Determine the modular ratio(s). Usually the weaker (lower E) material is used as a base. 2. Construct a transformed section by scaling the width of the material by its modular, n. 3.Determine the Moment of Inertia of the transformed section. 4.Calculate the flexural stress in each material using: Transformed material Base material Transformation equation or solid-void Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

8. University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 8/25 Analysis Example: For the composite section, find the maximum flexural stress level in each laminate material. Determine the modular ratios for each material. Use wood (the lowest E) as base material. Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

9. University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 9/25 Analysis Example cont.: Determine the transformed width of each material. Construct a transformed section. Transformed Section Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

10. University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 10/25 Analysis Example cont.: Construct a transformed section. Calculate the Moment of Inertia for the transformed section.

11. University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 11/25 Analysis Example cont.: Find the maximum moment. By diagrams or by summing moments Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

12. University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 12/25 Analysis Example cont.: Calculate the stress for each material using the modular ratio to convert I. I tr /n = I Compare the stress in each material to limits of yield stress or the safe allowable stress.

13. University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 13/25 Pop Quiz Material A is A-36 steel (Data Sheet D-4, Gr S-1) E = 29,000 ksi Material B is aluminum (Data Sheet D-10, Gr A-2) E = 10,000 ksi If strain,  1 = 0.001 What is the stress in each material at that point? A steel _______ ksi B aluminum ______ ksi Care must be taken that the elastic limit of each material is not exceeded, in either stress or strain. Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture