1. 刘斌文 The different naturalistic ideas held by Frank Norris,Jack London and Theodore Dreiser

2. The ideas affecting on them Their different naturalistic thoughts

3. Mechanism and Evolution of Morality of Spencer Frank Norris Zola and the Experimental Novel Social Darwinism of Spencer, Superman of Nietzsche and historical materialism of Marx Jack London T. Dreiser

4. Norris believed that the novelist should function like a scientist, observing nature and social data, depicting nature and human experience as a deterministic process.In his novels,individual characters have a direct influence on their lives is replaced by a focus on fate or nature and is the opposite of the belief of free will. The story of octopus indicates his determinism. Frank Norris: Determinism and Biological Laws

5. Biological Laws In his works, he preferred to highlight the animal nature of man and the effect of heredity.He tired to describe human beings and society with biological laws.He believed that the animal nature of human does not disappear with the development of civilization.While, it will appear when the opportunity comes. McTeague and Vandover and the Brute adequately embody this idea.

6. Jack London Contradictory faith 'Survival of the fittest' and supermanism Socialist tendency

7. Contradictory faith Jack London criticized but worshiped capitalism now and then. London believed in Marxism,meanwhile accepted Darwin’s Theory of Evolution ， Spencer social Darwinism and Nietzsche’s Superman philosophy. Jack London is sympathy for and discrimination against different races and poor people.

8. He suffered ruthless exploitation of the capitalism.It was Marxism who made him aware of the root. The American values such as "individualism""wealth supremacy"have negative impacts on him.

9. 'Survival of the fittest' and supermanism London was deeply influenced by Darwin’s ideas of constant struggle in nature and ‘the survival of the fittest’.In the Call of the Wild,the hero, a docile and gentle dog Buck,in order to survive, becomes ferocious,witty and cunning and turns into a wolf at last. Buck is the reflection of supermanism.At the beginning of the story,he has inherited a strong build from his parents.Good environment and heredity make him royal like a king.

10. Socialist tendency Although Jack London's ideology is complicated and contradictory,his social fiction gives him credence as a spokesman for the working class because of his strong sympathy for the poor.

11. T. Dreiser Mechanism and Amorality Pessimism and "American Dream" Objective Truthfulness

12. Mechanism Man is so small and insignificant in the universe.Our ideal,struggle,happiness and sadness are meaningless and thoughts and emotions are explained as Mechanical phenomenons. Everything is influenced by nature power,so both individual and society become amoral such as Carrie,Jennie Gerhardt and Clyde in an American Tragedy Amorality

13. Pessimism In Dreiser's world,all the people suffered a lot,and they were sinful, tragic and despairing.

14. American Dream (Drouet and Hurstwood) ( Carrie,Clyde) ( Jennie ) (Eugene Witla ) Dreiser had a dream.For himself, he wanted to succeed ;meanwhile for society, he hoped that everyone live a happy life. the strivers the passivist bearing fate the artist the lovers

15. Objective Truthfulness Deriser's works described his own experiences or the experiences of one of the family members,so the description is authentic and trustful. He was born in the poor, so he was rather familiar with the life of the lower class and he showed sympathy towards their sufferings and misery.

16. Thank you!