1. Religion and Economic Change over a Century: Linking Diverse Historical Data New Technologies and Interdisciplinary Research on Religion Harvard, 2010 Robert D. Woodberry Juan Carlos Esparza University of Texas at Austin Sociology Department and Population Research Center

2. The challenge: Roots of current differences may go back decades, even centuries – How test? Religious records valuable information seldom used Linking diverse sources over time

3. The data: Source:Data:Characteristics: Electronic datasets Recent censuses, surveys and geo-climatic data Polygons & Grids of Cells Historical data Historic censuses and colonial recordsPolygons Protestant Data Missionaries, education, etc.Points (mission stations) English, Danish, Norwegian, French, German, and Spanish Catholic Data Missionaries, education, etc.Polygons (ecclesiastical jurisdictions) English, Chinese, Italian, French, German, Latin, Spanish, Polish, and Portuguese.

4. Problems: Gathering complete data Digitizing data & maps Normalizing and linking data from different sources Dealing with missing data Creating database for geo-spatial statistical modeling

5. Complete data Locating and evaluating “the universe” of sources Temporal coverage Spatial coverage Data Quality Variables included

6. Complete data Complete data often only available in archives: e.g., “Vatican Secret Archives,” & “Archives of Propaganda Fide” Negotiating access Locating, copying and digitizing sources

7. Spatial Linking Issues: 1) Data given for different spatial units 2) Spatial units change over time 3) Accuracy of base map

8. Spatial Linking 1) Data given for different spatial units Protestant: points Catholic: polygons Censuses, surveys, geo-climatic data: different polygons and grids of cells

12. Spatial Linking 2) Spatial units change over time Cities’ & towns’ names change Catholic ecclesiastical jurisdictions evolve National, provincial, and other state boundaries change

15. Spatial Linking Why Important? Connecting data to proper geographic referent e.g., EJs & provinces in 1913 Linking data over time For statistical analysis For imputation (How does data in 1892 relate to data in 1934 and 2009)

16. Spatial Linking 3) Historic maps inaccurate (limited usefulness) Points: Why matters: 1) change over time 2) link to proper polygon 3) link to proper geo-climatic conditions Find place in modern gazetteer Link locations between sources known alternative names consistent institutions

18. Spatial Linking Historic maps inaccurate (limited usefulness) Territories: map spaghetti Why matters: 1) Arbitrarily linking borders 2) Imputing data to artificial slivers 3) How link data when no maps

20. Spatial Linking Improving accuracy: Start with accurate modern maps Reconstruct border change from legal documents Reconstruct border overlap from legal documents (e.g., Catholics and state jurisdictions borders) Bring modern borders back through time

21. Linking (cont.) Accurate base maps: Current world maps insufficient accuracy (e.g., mission stations in ocean or wrong country) Improve coastlines, islands, borders, and maritime boundaries Remove slivers Allows automatic linking of point and polygon data

22. Maritime Boundaries

23. Reconstructing historic borders: Papal decrees document changes in EJs & identify corresponding government borders

25. Linking (cont.) Reconstructing historic borders: Check accuracy with country & empire records Smallest unit in legal sources determines size of MCGUs and precision of data linking When possible use modern borders, when not digitize border from relatively accurate historical maps

26. Linking (cont.) Determine Maximum Consistent Geographic Unit (MCGU) before creating digital maps MCGUs foundation for all linking and imputation Only one base map (easy to update) All other geographic units are unions of MCGUs

27. Linking (cont.) Maximum Consistent Geographic Unit (MCGU) All point and cell data link to MCGUs Protestant data Geo-climatic data Missionary mortality data Also allow contextual analysis (spatial autocorrelations, etc.) Minimizes over-aggregation of data

29. Linking (cont.) Linking geo-climatic data (endogeneity) Aggregate as grid of cells: Grid of boxes covering world Assign unique IDs and vectorize raster data Normalize so boxes perfectly overlap and IDs match between layers (very hard and time consuming) Aggregate for MCGUs

33. Linking (cont.) Linking mortality data (endogeneity) Data on over 100,000 missionary lives Calculate comparative mortality estimates by linking lives to 1) points (mission stations) 2) polygons (Countries, EJs & MCGUs) Can generalized to other areas based on geo- climatic conditions, etc.

34. NameSexBornSailedLoc_01BeginEndLoc_02Begin2 End 2 Cover, James Fleet117621796Tahiti17971798Port Jackson17981800 Eyre,John117681796Tahiti17971808Huahine18081809 Jefferson, John117601796Tahiti17971807 Lewis, Thomas117651796Tahiti17971799 Bicknell, Henry117661796Tahiti17971808Port Jackson Bowell, Daniel117741796Tongataboo17971799 Broomhall, Benjamin117761796Tahiti17971801 Buchanan, John117651796Tongataboo17971800Port Jackson1800 Cooper, James117681796Tongataboo17971800Port Jackson18001801 Cock, John117731796Tahiti17971798Port Jackson1798

35. Missing Data Problems: Changing categories between sources/years Inconsistent categories within same source Missing places in source Inconsistent years between sources

36. Missing Data (cont.) Strategies: Finding missing data: Letters of bishops to Pope Triangulating between sources - To identify missing institutions & organizations - To identify estimates from inconsistencies - To fill in missing data

37. Missing Data (cont.) Strategies: Imputing missing data (multiple imputation): Using: 1) trend over time in MCGUs - e.g., using linked MCGUs in 1913 & 1932 to estimate 1923 2) pattern with neighbor Can compare results with and without imputed data

38. An example: Mexico Reconstruct all locality changes back to 1815 Reconstruct all EJ changes from 1850 Link historical censuses & modern surveys Re-aggregate data according to any geographic unit (MCGU or larger)

40. Mexico (cont.) Once completed: All census, Catholic, and Protestant data linked for about 120 years Multiple current surveys linked so can analyze modern consequences Longitudinal database of MCGUs

41. Mexico (cont.) Interrupted Time Series:  impact of introducing Protestant missions on Catholic church behavior  impact of Catholic and Protestant interventions on the change in literacy between censuses Cumulative Influence: Endogeneity: test correlates of when and where Protestants and Catholics invest in particular areas.

43. Thank You!.