1. MAL POSITIONS / MAL PRESENTATIONS Occiptio-posterior position 1 in 5 deliveriesOcciptio-posterior position 1 in 5 deliveries Face presentation 1 in 500 deliveriesFace presentation 1 in 500 deliveries Brow presentation 1 in 1000 deliveries Brow presentation 1 in 1000 deliveries Breech presentation 1-2 in 50 deliveriesBreech presentation 1-2 in 50 deliveries Shoulder presentation 1 in 200 deliveriesShoulder presentation 1 in 200 deliveries Unstable lie 1 in 350 deliveriesUnstable lie 1 in 350 deliveries

2. Occipito – posterior position.. In a vertex presentation when the occiput is placed posteriorly over the sacrum / sacro – iliac joint, it is called an occipito – posterior position. R.O.P. – Occiput on right sacro - iliac joint. L.O.P. – Occiput on left sacro – iliac joint. Direct occipito – posterior – occiput points towards sacrum.

3. LOP

4. Occipito – posterior is an abnormal position of the vertex rather than an abnormal presentation. (In most of cases (90%) anterior rotation of occiput occurs.) But as the posterior position may give rise to Dystocia (abnormal labour & delivery), it is associated with mal presentation.

5. Incidence – upto 13% of all vertex presentation. R.O.P. is 3 times more common than L.O.P. WHY ?? WHY ?? -Dextro-rotation of the uterus favours occipito-posterior than right occipito- anterior position -The right oblique diameter is slightly longer than the left one -The left oblique diameter is reduced by the presence of sigmoid colon

6. Causes :- Not clear but factors abound – 1.CPD, Maternal kyphosis 2. Contracted pelvis:-50% or more occipito –posterior position is associated with either an anthropoid or android pelvis due to narrow fore-pelvis. 2. Fetus – deflection of fetal head favours posterior position of the vertex. Causes of deflection are – a.High pelvic inclination. b.Placenta praevia, pelvic tumors. 3. Uterus – abnormal uterine contraction. 4. Pendulous abdomen esp. in multipara.

8. Diagnosis: – Inspection :- -Abdomen looks flat below the umbilicus. Palpation :- Fundal height :- corresponds with period of amenorrhoea. Fundal grip :- breech. Lateral grip :-Foetal back is felt on rt. Flank of mother in in ROP & in left flank in LOP. Fetal limbs are felt easily as knob like structure anteriorly. Pelvic grip :-Head is not engaged. -Cephalic prominance (sinciput) is not felt so prominent as found in well flexed occipito – anterior. -Cephalic prominance (sinciput) is not felt so prominent as found in well flexed occipito – anterior. -In direct occipito – posterior the small sinciput is confused with breech. -In direct occipito – posterior the small sinciput is confused with breech.

9. -Auscultation :- FHS is best heard in flank in direct occipito – posterior / R.O.P. but difficult in L.O.P. Vaginal examination :- 1.Finding depends upon degree of flexion of head. 2.Conformed dx. Is made during 2 nd stage of labour on rupture of membrane by:- a. Sagittal suture:- occupies any of the oblique diameter of pelvis. a. Sagittal suture:- occupies any of the oblique diameter of pelvis. b. posterior fontanelle :-felt near the sacro-iliac joint. b. posterior fontanelle :-felt near the sacro-iliac joint. c. anterior fontanelle :- felt near the ilio-pectineal eminence. c. anterior fontanelle :- felt near the ilio-pectineal eminence.

11. Mechanism of labour – 1.Head engages through the right oblique diameter in R.O.P. & Left oblique diameter in L.O.P. Because of deflection engagement is delayed. 2.In most of the cases (90%) – a. flexion – due to good uterine contraction there is flexion of head. a. flexion – due to good uterine contraction there is flexion of head. b. internal rotation of the head – occiput rotates to 135 degrees anteriorly to lie behind the symphysis pubis, shoulder rotates to occupy right oblique diameter. b. internal rotation of the head – occiput rotates to 135 degrees anteriorly to lie behind the symphysis pubis, shoulder rotates to occupy right oblique diameter. 3. Further descent & delivery of the head occurs like occipito – anterior position. 4. Birth of shoulders & trunk – is the same as that of occipito anterior.

14. Fate of OPP OPP Engaging diameter :- occipito-frontal 11.5cm or sub-occipitofrontal 10cm. Favorable (90%) Unfavorable (10%) 3/8 th rotation occipit comes under symphysis pubis (rt/lt occipito anterior) Normal vaginal delivery Mild deflexion Moderate deflexionSevere deflexion Occiput rotate by 1/8 th circle Deep transverse arrest Non-rotation Oblique posterior arrest Occiput rotate posteriorly by 1/8 th POPP/ occipito- sacral position Face to pubis deliveryArrest

15. Factors favouring long anterior rotation (1) Well flexed head. (2) Good uterine contractions. (3) Roomy pelvis. (4) Good pelvic floor. (5) No premature rupture of membranes. Causes of failure of long anterior rotation: (1) Deflexed head. (2) Uterine inertia. (3) Contracted pelvis: rotation of the head cannot easily occur in android pelvis due to projection of the ischial spines and convergence of the side walls. (4) Lax or rigid pelvic floor. (5) Premature rupture of membranes or its rupture early in labour.

16. Management During 1 st stage:- 1.Early diagnosis 2.Fetal, maternal condition and pelvic assessment should be done. 3.Prevent rupture of membrane by bed rest in lt. lateral position. 4.Partograph to be strictly maintain. 5.Early c/s in contracted pelvis.

17. Second stage 2 nd stage p/v exam:- To see level of presenting part, degree of flexion, position, caput, moulding, cx. Favorable (90%) Unfavorable (10%) Ant. 3/8 th rotation occipit comes under symphysis pubis (rt/lt occipito anterior) Normal vaginal delivery Mild deflexion Moderate deflexionSevere deflexion Occiput ant. rotate by 1/8 th circle Deep transverse arrest Non-rotation Oblique posterior arrest Occiput rotate posteriorly by 1/8 th POPP/ occipito- sacral position

18. Management of DTA DTA or oblique posterior arrest Assisted delivery Pelvis adequate Inadequate pelvis -Manual rotation of occiput to anterior position followed by forceps extraction - vacuum delivery - forceps rotation Dead baby CraniotomyC/S

19. Manual rotation and extraction by forceps: Under general anaesthesia the following steps are done: 1-Disimpaction: the head is grasped bitemporally and pushed slightly upwards. 2-Flexion of the head. 3-Rotation of the occiput anteriorly by the right hand vaginally aided by, - Rotation of the anterior shoulder abdominally towards the middle line by the left hand or an assistant. 4-- Fix the head abdominally by an assistant, apply forceps and extract it

20. POPP POPP Spontaneous face to pubis delivery Arrest Head above the ischial spine / big baby C/S (best) Manual rotation + forceps Adequate pelvisInadequate pelvis Dead baby Head below the spines Forceps with deep episiotomy C/S Craniotomy

21. Prognosis – Increased maternal morbidity due to pronlonged labour & increased incidence of operative delivery.