1. Models and Definitions Gianpietro Mazzoleni La comunicazione politica Chapter 2

2. Political communication as defined by Wikipedia Political Communication is a sub-field of political science and communication that deals with the production, dissemination […] and effects of information, both through media and interpersonally, within a political context. This includes the study of the media, the analysis of speeches by politicians and those that are trying to influence the political process, and formal and informal conversations among members of the public […]. The media acts as bridge between government and public.

3. Actors of the political communication Political system – Institutional actors: parliament, central and local government, judiciary, head of state – Non institutional actors: parties, social movememnts, interest groups Media system – TV, radio, press, books, cinema, new media Citizenship – Single people, public opinion, electorate

4. “Pubblicistico-dialogico” model of political communication

5. Mediatized model of political communication

6. Alternative conceptions of mediatized politics 1.Competitive/economic theories of democracy: Schumpeter, Downs 2.Public democracy: Manin 3.Both mass media and personal/horizontal relations have to be considered: Castells

7. Kinds of relationship between actors 1 1.From politics to media 1.Regulation 2.News management 3.Politics as a source 2.From politics to citizenship 1.Public communication 2.Personal relationships 3.Electoral ads

8. Kinds of relationship between actors 2 1.From citizenship to politics 1.Voting 2.Public debate 3.Direct relationships 4.Polls and surveys 2.From media to politics 1.General information 2.Watchdog journalism 3.Partisan information 4.Mediatization

9. Kinds of relationship between actors 3 1.From media to citizenship 1.General information 2.Partisan information 3.Political advertising 2.From citizenship to media 1.Exit from a TV or a journal 2.Blog, post, citizen journalism

10. Developments of the communication research 1 Infancy Rhetoric Propaganda Attitudes changes Voting Government-media relationships Functional analysis Technological improvements

11. Developments of the communication research 2 Adulthood Electoral communication Political information Political rhetoric Information, political attitudes, and political behaviors

12. Developments of the communication research 3 The European countries Beyond “limited effects” The holistic perspective Mixed approach Taking a normative perspective in account Interactions between media and politics Longitudinal, long-trend analysis Growing comparative research

13. The phases of the political communication 1 Since WWII to the Fifties Preeminence of the mass parties Citizens strongly identified with them

14. The phases of the political communication 2 From the Sixties to the Eighties Fading away of the party identification (or end of ideology) Growing use of the TV (public and commercial) Involvement of previously detached citizens Professionalization of the campaigning

15. The phases of the political communication 3 Since the Nineties Professional management of the relationship with the public opinion by the spin doctors Infotainment as an usual practice Populism (as pop politics) Targeting Random exposition to political messages

16. The phases of the political communication 4 New tendencies Non monopolistic use of the ICT (Information and Communication Technology) due to the access to the Web Generalized use of the public and commercial TV Changing boundaries of the citizenship