1. Overview of Geologic Hazards From water movement (coastal flooding from hurricanes, beach erosion, inland flooding, drought) From earth movement (earthquakes, mudflows, landslides, subsidence, expansive soils) From dangerous minerals (arsenic, asbestos, radon) From contaminated water (groundwater, surface water, distribution system water)

2. Magnitude and Frequency

3. Coastal Flooding

4. Living in harm’s way – behind the levee

5. Storm moves 30 mph Wind speed 120 mph Net 150 mph Net 90 mph Hurricanes

6. Katrina20051836+ (Mississippi, Louisiana) Katrina2005$100 billion (Mississippi, Louisiana)

7. Property Damage Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes Cost refers to total estimated property damage RankHurricaneSeasonDamages, $billion 2 Ike2008 $29.5 1Katrina 2005 $108 4 Wilma2005 $21 7 Rita2005 $12 5 Ivan2004 $18.8 6 Charley2004 $15.1 8 Frances2004 $9.51 10 Jeanne2004 $7.66 9 Allison2001 $9 3 Andrew1992 $26.5 Source: NOAA[2]

8. Katrina: Fatalities > 1800

9. Levee design and construction inadequate

10. Geologic Changes – New Inlet

11. Hurricane Magnitude Saffir-Simpson scale IntensityWind speed mphStorm surge ft Category 174-954-5 Category 296 to 1106-8 Category 3111 to 1309-12 Category 4131-15513-18 Category 5> 155> 18

12. Hurricane Magnitude - Frequency Saffir-Simpson scale IntensityWind speed mphStorm surge ftNumber 1850-2005 Category 174-954-5 109 Category 296 to 1106-8 71 Category 3111 to 1309-12 74 Category 4131-15513-18 17 Category 5> 155> 18 3

13. Hurricane Frequency

15. Hurricane Cyclicity Long-term trend

16. Remediation 1.Building codes 2.Levees 3.Evacuation

17. Inland Flooding --Cinti 1937 385 dead, one million homeless, $500 million in property damage (= $7.6 billion today)

18. Flood intensity – gage height

19. Flood Frequency (Cinti)

20. Remediation Flood wall Barrier dam

21. Beach Erosion Longshore drift

22. Beach Erosion -- Intensity

24. Beach Erosion -- Frequency

25. Beach Erosion -- Remediation Walls

26. Beach Erosion -- Remediation Nourishment

27. Earth Movement

28. Earthquakes

29. Earthquake Susceptibility

30. Earthquakes-- Frequency MagnitudeAcceleration# per year 8-91 7-818 6-7120 5-6800 4-56200 3-450,000

31. Remediation 1.Building codes

32. Landslides

33. Landslide frequency Cincinnati OH: remediation of landslides on public property 1974-1993Feet/yrDollars/yr Pier walls442 457,780 Mt Adams165044,489,926

34. Remediation Pier walls - $1000 per lineal foot

35. Subsidence

36. Volcanoes

37. Volcanoes -- Lahars

38. Lahars – magnitude (extent)

39. Lahars – magnitude (thickness)

40. Lahars – frequency Mt Rainier recurrence intervals Large lahars (reach ocean) – 1000 years Intermediate (confined to apron of the mountain) – 100 years Small (confined to slopes) – 10 years

41. Dangerous minerals – Pb phosphate

42. Occurrence of Arsenic in Groundwater in US SW Ohio

43. Radon – enters home from soil

44. Contaminated water

45. Water Pollution – Inorganics in Groundwater GW flow

46. Significant solvent contamination has traveled through the groundwater outside the plant boundaries at Pristine. flow Water flow Water Pollution – Organics in Groundwater

47. Water Pollution – Magnitude

48. Water Pollution -- Surface Water GCWW intakes Proposed sewer outfall

49. Cryptosporidium

50. Water Pollution – From the distribution system Litharge Cu sulfate Mn oxide Plattnerite Litharge Cu sulfate Mn oxide Plattnerite + Mn oxide Pb carbonate

51. Water Pollution – From the distribution system

52. Pb islands

53. What do we do? 1.Understand the underlying geology 2.Calculate probability of an event 3.Estimate the severity of possible effects 4.Establish risk to populations & environment

54. What do we do? 5. Reducing the risk A.Avoidance B.Building codes C.Evacuation plans D.Removal of endangered structures E.Protective engineering