1. African Exploration

2. The Age of European Exploration & Colonization Western European countries expand during 15th century –Explore, conquer, and colonize

3. Explore Portugal explores traveled all around the coastline on Africa. Albuquerque makes Indian Ocean “Lake Portuguese” Small forts set up on coast to repair ships, collect supplies, trade for gold.

4. Conquer At first tough for Europeans to invade inland Africa. However, once they did they began taking and trading for everything. Convinced warrior native tribes to be their allies and through force made them hand over resources for trade.

5. Conquer However, Africans were strong and resisted. So Europeans stopped and finally just made trade relationships. What did they trade for: - Gold- Cocoa - Peanuts- Diamonds - Coffee- SLAVES

6. Colonize Europeans left most of North and West Africa for the natives. Kingdoms were established like the Asante, Usman, and Fulani. Europeans colonized and settled in what is known as today South Africa. In South Africa there is a strong European, French feel.

7. Early African Slaves Europeans would trade goods but also white slaves to Africa for their rich resources. The earliest slaves out of Africa to European nations were mainly women and children who would serve as concubines and servants.

8. African Slave Trade Demand for agricultural labor in 16th century changed slave trade. Spanish gold and silver mines Portuguese sugar plantations Exportation of tobacco, rice and indigo from the Americas

9. TRIANGLE TRADE Molasses Africa North America Rum, and Weapons The Caribbean Slaves

10. Becoming a Slave 1.Capture Phase 2.Transportation Phase - Middle Passage 3.Seasoning Phase 4.Slavery Phase

11. Capture African Tribes would invade other tribes and capture slaves. High mortality –Exhaustion, suicide, murder –Long forced marches from interior - coast Factories served as –Headquarters for traders –Warehouses for trade goods –Pens or dungeons for captives

12. Late-Eighteenth-Century Drawing In this late-eighteenth-century drawing, African slave traders conduct a group of bound captives from the interior of Africa toward European trading posts. SOURCE: Culver Pictures, Inc.

13. Transportation Journey referred to as Middle Passage 40 to 180 days to reach the Caribbean Pirates attacked Spanish ships Frightening experience

14. Middle Passage Small and narrow ships (TIGHT vs. LOOSE) Most captains were “tight packers” –Ignored formula in the name of profits

15. Middle Passage Crowded, unsanitary conditions – Slaves rode on planks 66” x 15” only 20”– 25” of headroom –Males chained together in pairs –Kept apart from women and children

16. British Slave Ship Plan of the British Slave Ship Brookes, 1788. This plan, which may undercount the human cargo the Brookes carried, shows how tightly Africans were packed aboard slave ships.

17. Middle Passage Slaves fed twice per day –Poor and insufficient diet Vegetable pulps, stews, and fruits Denied meat or fish Ten people eating in one bucket Unwashed hands spread disease Malnutrition, weakness, depression, death

18. African women worth half the price of African men in the Caribbean markets Separation from male slaves made them easier targets Less protection against unwanted sexual attention from European men Middle Passage

19. Seasoning Slaves seasoned in Barbados Worked out to see if they could handle the new climate, and environment Work day and Night in slave camps Than were sold and shipped to parts of the Caribbean and the Americas

20. Pre-sale –Bathed and exercised –Oiled bodies to conceal blemishes and bruises Seasoning

21. Slavery 11 Million Slaves were purchased in the New World from 1500 to 1850 Purchased slaves offspring became slaves in the Americas. Invention of Cotton Gin caused need for more and more slaves. Slaves lived very harsh lives. However, cultural has for ever been changed.

22. Slavery Adapted to new foods Learned a new language Africans retained culture despite the hardships and cruel treatment Created bonds with shipmates that replaced blood kinship African American Cultural established and continues today

23. 11 Million But so Many More 1/3 of slaves are killed at early Phases of Slavery. Capture Transportation So if 11 million become slaves 33 million were captured to start.

24. QUESTIONS FROM READING 1.Who obtains slaves for trading on the coast? 2.From the reading what were two examples of how slaves were captured and sent into slavery? 3.According to the doctor along with not allowing Europeans inland, why else is it hard for Europeans to capture slaves? 4.What things do European traders look for in a slave? Why might a slave be rejected? 5.In your opinion just reading this passage who is to blame for the slave trade?