1. Existentialism, Albert Camus, and The Stranger
Camus became a towering moral philosopher and writer - one of the principal personages of the existentialist movement.
Born in Algeria in 1913; settled in Paris and studied philosophy and literature
most famous (and often considered his greatest) play is Caligula was written in 1938, when he was twenty five…tells the story of a mad Roman emporer who, devastated by the death of his beloved sister, dealws with his discovery of absurdity by creating an absurd world, turning his kingdom upside down in an orgy of sex and violence. He grasps for the impossible…exceeds all limits…and is eventually assassinated.
We’re going to be hearing a lot about “THE ABSURD”…which is a staple in Camus’s idea of existentialism. THE ABSURD, as experienced and explained by Camus, means that people are basically strangers, homeless, alienated, condemned to futility…pretty depressing, right? So, why not, like Caligula, just go mad, live a life of total indulgence, eat and drink all you want, etc.etc…? According to Camus, suicide, aimless pleasure, empty faith should be rejected and instead one must learn to live with the absurd and to love life.
Directed his work to his own times, the crisis-ridden twentieth century. Unprecedented horrors of WWII and the images of Auschwitz and Hiroshima had wounded much of the older faith in optimism, progress and moral certainty. His plays were controversial, but appealed to a generation searching for moral bearings after the upheaval of war. situations, dilemmas and painful choices confronting the characters of the plays. Works deal with problems Work is characterized by simple plots, effectiveness of dialogue and dramatic effects, extreme of racism, political corruption, the exploitation of women, and, above all, the hypocrisy of American life.
His plays were the ideal vehicle for the presentation of existential ideas…the depiction of extreme dramatic situations and the expression of their ideas became inseparable. These ideas were able to reach a far wider and more varied audience than his often more difficult philosophical works.
Jean Paul Sartre was his contemporary, and his works were equally energized by existentialist themes...
Albert Camus ( ),
a French philosopher of the absurd,
novelist, and dramatist

2. Albert Camus born in Algeria in 1913
settled in Paris and studied philosophy and literature
one of the principal persons of the existentialist movement
writings often considered controversial
Writings affected by the time period, especially the horrors of WWII

3. Camus, cont.
Work is characterized by simple plots, effectiveness of dialogue and dramatic effects, extreme of racism, political corruption, the exploitation of women, and, above all, the hypocrisy of American life.

4. A Poem by Stephen Crane A man said to the universe: “Sir I exist!”
“However,” replied the universe,
“the fact has not created in me a sense of obligation.”

5. EXISTENTIALISM
“A body of ethical thought centering about the uniqueness and isolation of individual experience in a universe indifferent or hostile to man, regarding human existence as unexplainable, and emphasizing man’s freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of his acts.”
**Take a minute with a partner and break down this definition. Write your own version of the definition.

6. What is Existentialism?
The word first appeared in 1941
Branch of philosophy based on the situation of the
individual in an absurd or meaningless universe
where humans have free will
Existentialists argue that people are responsible
for and the sole judge of their actions as they affect
others.
It is absolutely necessary that we consider the tenets of existentialism in the context in which it was created -- in this case, the context is world war II. In the late 1940s the new philosophy captured the imagination of europe and america. Though the roots of existentialism had preceded this period, it became a self-conscious (deliberate) philosophy in its own right only after world war II. It is this very difficult and often dismal period of which existentialism is a product.
Unlike earlier and later philosophies, existentialism wasn’t a concrete and dogmatic system, but more of a mood -- an outlook that contained related themes. Because of the diversity of positions associated with existentialism, there is no hard and fast definition for existentialism…Certain themes common to virtually all existentialist writers can be identified, though. We can look at the similarity of outlook and a common approach to particular problems of human existence.
Some of the beliefs they shared, which we’ll look at closely in a few minutes, are concerns centered on the uniqueness of individuals and their situations, a preoccupation with anxiety, absurdity, crisis situations, value definition, and choice-making. There is a stress on concrete individual existence and, consequently, on subjectivity, individual freedom, and choice.
Believed that human beings must define their own nature -- there is no such thing as “human nature” -- nothing that connects us. We can’t rely on any sort of convention as a guide to understanding...Each person must be courageous enough (and that is the key…that it takes a certain courage to move toward authenticity or awareness) to define his or her own existence, since it is completely unique to them. Then, once that existence is defined, the individual must take the responsibility for making their own choices. In this view, humans are what they do.
even though it’s hard to define, there are certain recurring themes...
Individuals must not allow their choices to be
constrained by ANYTHING -- not even reason or
morality. One has the ultimate freedom to choose,
which leads to the notion of nonbeing, or nothingness

7. BACKGROUND
Sartre, in his lecture “Existentialism and Human Emotions,” formed the slogan “Existence precedes Essence.” He illustrated this slogan with four points:
We have no predetermined nature or essence that controls what we are, what we do, or what is valuable for us.
We are radically free to act independently of determination by outside influences.
We create our own human nature through these free choices.
We also create our values through these choices.

8. The Basic Existentialist Standpoint:
Existence precedes essence.
Essence: the basic, real, and invariable nature of a thing or its significant individual feature or features
Man exists without a predetermined purpose
Man is a conscious subject rather than a thing to be predicted or manipulated.
Man exists as a conscious being, and not in accordance with any definition, generalization, or system.

9. More Existentialist Themes
Identities are constructed by the individual consciousness only.
Values are subjective- no preset right or wrong.
We are all condemned to be free.

10. Death: According to Existentialists
Simply put: Life is short, then you die. Death is the final nothingness.
According to Sartre, death is an absurd birth…it is nothing but the wiping out of my existence as a conscious being.
Death shows the absurdity of the human existence.

11. Moral Individualism
There are no universal, objective standards for right and wrong.
No objective, rational basis exists for moral decisions.
The individual must decide which situations are to count as moral situations.
The individual is responsible for all of the consequences of one’s actions.

12. Choice and Commitment
Humanity’s primary distinction is the freedom to choose; the choices an individual makes create his or her nature.
Choice is inescapable; even the refusal to choose is a choice.
Freedom of choice involves commitment; one must accept the risk and responsibility of following that commitment.

13. Absurdity
The doctrine that human beings live in essential isolation in a meaningless and irrational world.
Absurdists do not believe suicide is the answer. You should choose to make the most of what you have while you’re living.
I am my own existence, but…this existence is absurd.
The human situation is ambiguous, rather than rational or something that can be understood or explained.
Existentialists usually believe in the absurd.