1. Chapter 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 4.3 Properties of Logarithms

2. Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 The Product Rule Let b, M, and N be positive real numbers with b ≠ 1. The logarithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms.

3. Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Example: Using the Product Rule

4. Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 The Quotient Rule Let b, M, and N be positive real numbers with b ≠ 1. The logarithm of a quotient is the difference of the logarithms.

5. Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Example: Using the Quotient Rule Use the quotient rule to expand each logarithmic expression:

6. Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 The Power Rule Let b and M be positive real numbers with b ≠1, and let p be any real number. The logarithm of a number with an exponent is the product of the exponent and the logarithm of that number.

7. Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Example: Using the Power Rule Use the power rule to expand each logarithmic expression:

8. Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Properties for Expanding Logarithmic Expressions For M > 0 and N > 0: 1. Product Rule 2. Quotient Rule 3. Power Rule

9. Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 Example: Expanding Logarithmic Expressions Use logarithmic properties to expand the expression as much as possible:

10. Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Example: Expanding Logarithmic Expressions Use logarithmic properties to expand the expression as much as possible:

11. Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Condensing Logarithmic Expressions For M > 0 and N > 0: 1.Product rule 2.Quotient rule 3.Power rule

12. Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Example: Condensing Logarithmic Expressions Write as a single logarithm:

13. Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 The Change-of-Base Property For any logarithmic bases a and b, and any positive number M, The logarithm of M with base b is equal to the logarithm of M with any new base divided by the logarithm of b with that new base.

14. Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 The Change-of-Base Property: Introducing Common and Natural Logarithms Introducing Common Logarithms Introducing Natural Logarithms

15. Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 Example: Changing Base to Common Logarithms Use common logarithms to evaluate

16. Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 Example: Changing Base to Natural Logarithms Use natural logarithms to evaluate