8. Ribonucleic acid Single-stranded sugar phosphate backbone Nucleotides: C=G A=U mRNA: messenger rRNA: ribosomal tRNA: transfer

9. 1.TRANSCRIPTION - a segment of the DNA is transcribed into mRNA - mRNA is matured - mRNA leaves the nucleus for a ribosome 2.TRANSLATION - ribosome reads the mRNA - matching tRNA’s insert amino acids in the correct order RNA transcription translation CENTRAL DOGMA DNA PROTEINS

10. RNA polymerase

11. A G U U C A G C A U G T C A A G T C G T A CDNAmRNA

12. EXONS: coding regions; code for amino acids INTRONS: non-coding regions; useless DNA; “spam” RNA MATURATION: introns must be removed from the mRNA before it is allowed to leave the nucleus

13. TRANSCRIPTION 1.A segment of the DNA is unzipped from its double helix by RNA polymerase promoter region “start” “stop”

14. RNA Polymerase 2. As RNA Polymerase unzips the double helix, it reads the DNA and makes a complimentary strand called mRNA DNA = template mRNA = copy

15. 3. RNA Maturation: only coding regions (exons) are kept; non-coding regions (introns) are removed