1. Forestry 280 Features of Woods 28-47

2. #28: Red Oak Quercus rubra
Wide, oak-type ray
Latewood Pores
Earlywood Pores

3. #29: White Oak Quercus alba
LW Pores
Ray
EW Pores
Tyloses
Banded
Parenchyma

4. #30: Live Oak Quercus virginiana
Semi-ring to diffuse porous; growth ring boundaries may be difficult to detect
Broad, oak-type ray
Aggregate ray
Narrow rays also present

5. #31: American Chestnut Castanea dentata
Structure similar to oaks, but no wide, oak-type rays
Typically lower in density than oak
Tyloses often found
“Flame-shaped groups of LW pores”

6. #32: American Elm Ulmus americana
Single row of EW pores
LW pores in “wavy bands” (“ulmiform”)

7. #33: Slippery Elm (or Red Elm) Ulmus rubra
EW Pores often in “several” rows (2-6)
WOW! Look at those ULMIFORM LW PORES!

8. #34: Rock Elm Ulmus thomasii
Earlywood Pores: Small and indistinct in intermittent, single row
“A single interrupted row separated by smaller pores”

9. #35: Hackberry Celtis occidentalis
Heartwood Color: Cream, light brown or light grayish brown w/yellowish cast
Earlywood: More than one pore wide (akin to Slippery Elm)
Latewood: Pores in wavy bands!! (Hackberry is in the Ulmaceae, or elm family)

10. #36: Red Mulberry Morus rubra
LW Pores are in “nestlike groups”…sometimes forming concentric, interrupted bands – but not nearly so pronounced as in the elms.
Loaded with tyloses! But, some samples have few to no tyloses…

11. #37: Osage Orange Maclura pomifera
LOADED WITH TYLOSES: “USUALLY COMPLETELY OCCLUDED”
LW pores in nested groups that form distinct concentric bands

12. #38: Kentucky Coffeetree Gymnocladus dioicus
Nested LW pores more isolated, sometimes coalescing
EW Pores in 1-few rows; open (no tyloses)

13. #39: Honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos
Looks a lot like Coffeetree – Don’t separate!!
Note the heartwood color of #38 & 39

14. #40: Black Locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Pores often completely occluded with tyloses
Note LW pore pattern!

15. #41: White Ash Fraxinus americana
Avg. SG: 0.60
Heartwood Color: Light brown or grayish brown
Sapwood Color: Creamy white
Pore Distribution: Ring-porous
Earlywood: 2-4 pores wide; pores mod. large, surrounded by lighter tissue
Latewood: Pores solitary and in radial multiples of 2-3
Tyloses: Fairly abundant
Rays: Not distinct to eye, but clearly visible w/hand lens

16. #42: Black Ash Fraxinus nigra
Avg. SG: 0.49
Heartwood Color: Grayish brown to medium or dark brown
Sapwood Color: Creamy white
Pore Distribution: Ring-porous
Earlywood: 2-4 pores wide; pores large, surrounded by lighter tiss.
Latewood: Pores solitary and in radial multiples of 2-3; not numerous
Tyloses: Fairly abundant
Rays: Not distinct to eye, but clearly visible w/hand lens

17. #43: Catalpa Note heartwood color Note lw pore patterns
Tyloses “variably abundant”

18. #44: Butternut Juglans cinerea
Avg. SG: 0.38
Heartwood Color: Medium or cinnamon brown, often w/uneven streaks of color, fluted growth rings
Pore Distribution: Semi-ring-porous
Pores: Earlywood pores fairly large, decreasing to small in latewood, solitary or in radial multiples of 2 to several
Tyloses: Moderately abundant
Parenchyma: Short tangential lines of banded parenchyma visible w/hand lens
Rays: Fine but visible

19. #45: Black Walnut Juglans nigra
Avg. SG: 0.55
Heartwood Color: Medium brown to deep chocolate brown
Pore Distribution: Semi-ring-porous
Pores: Earlywood pores fairly large, decreasing to quite small in outer latewood, pores solitary or in radial multiples of 2 to several
Tyloses: Moderately abundant
Parenchyma: Short tangential lines of banded parenchyma visible with lens
Rays: Fine, visible but not conspicuous w/lens

20. #46: Hickory A True Hickory: Shagbark Hickory Carya ovata
Note the “fishnet” (or “lace-like”) pattern in lw, formed by intersection of the fine rays and banded parenchyma
True hickories are ring-porous

21. #46: Hickory - Pecan Hickory Carya illinoensis
Pecan hickories are semi-ring porous…this looks like a poor example! (See next slide)
What are these diagonal, whitish lines???

22. #46 - Hickory, Carya, spp.
Pecan Hickory
True Hickory

23. #47: Tanoak Lithocarpus densiflorus
Wood is DIFFUSE porous
The wide rays are “aggregate rays” that tend to be irregularly-spaced on the cross-section

24. Acknowledgement Photomacrographs by Zach Kriess
Supplemental photomacrographs (those with white text showing scientific name) courtesy of the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory