1. Mendel and meiosis Gregor Mendel an Austrian monk from the mid- nineteenth century, carried out studies of heredity,--the passing on characteristic from parents to the offspring. Traits,--are the characteristic that are inherited. Mendel was the first person to succeed in predicting how traits are passed from one generation to the next.

2. Genetics and stuff Genetics,--the branch of biology that studies heredity. Gametes,--are the male and female sex cells The male gamete forms in the pollen grain, which is produced the male sex organ. The female gamete forms into a female sex organ. Fertilization, when a male gamete unites with a female gamete Zygote,-- is a fertilized cell.

3. Pollination Pollination,--The transfer of pollen grains from a male reproductive organ to a female reproductive organ In peas both organs are located in the flower.

4. Mendel's Monohybrid crosses Mendel crossed bred plants with other plant and he called the cross breeds Hybrids,--is an offspring of parents that have different forms. Mendel’s first experiments are called monohybrids, mono means “one” and the two parent plants differed from each other by a single trait—height.

5. The rule of unit factors Genes exist in alternative forms. We call these different gene forms Alleles. For example each of Mendel's pea plants had two alleles of the gene that determined its height. An organism’s two alleles are located on different copies of a chromosome—one inherited from the female parent and one from the male parent.

6. Dominance and Recessive Dominance,--observed trait of an organism. Recessive, trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominate form of a trait.

7. Segregation Law of segregation,--Mendelian principal explaining that because each plant has two different alleles, it can produce two different types of gametes. During fertilization, male and female gametes randomly pair to produce four combinations of alleles.

8. Genotype and phenotype and homozygous Genotype,--is the combination of genes in an organism. Phenotype,--is the outward appearance of an organism regardless of its genes. an organism is Homozygous,-- for a trait if its two alleles are the same.

9. Punnett squares In 1905, Reginald Punnett, an English biologist, devised a shorthand way of finding the expected proportions of possible genotypes and offspring of a cross. This method is called a Punnett Square.

10. Law of independent assortment Law of independent assortment,-- Mendelian principle stating that genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other.

11. Probability Punnett squares are good for showing all the possible combinations of gametes and the likelihood that each will occur.