2. DNA –Position in the cell Nucleus DNA double helix Chromosomes

3. In each chromosome, the DNA is grouped into "genes." Your genome contains about 35,000 genes. In the nucleus of almost every cell in your body is the collection of DNA needed to make you. DNA in the nucleus is grouped into 23 sets of chromosomes that are called your "genome."

4. Instructions is called genetic code The DNA in your genes tells the cell what amino acids (protein building blocks) to put together to make a protein. Instructions to make your whole body and keep it working is contained in DNA

5. DNA Structure DNA consists of two molecules that are arranged into a ladder-like structure called a Double Helix. A molecule of DNA is made up of millions of tiny subunits called Nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of: 1. Phosphate group 2. Pentose sugar 3. Nitrogenous base

6. Nucleotides Phosphate Pentose Sugar Nitrogenous Base

7. Nucleotides The phosphate and sugar form the backbone of the DNA molecule, whereas the bases form the “rungs”. There are four types of nitrogenous bases.

8. Nucleotides A Adenine T Thymine G Guanine C Cytosine

9. Remember DNA T – A G - C

10. It's hard to believe that an alphabet with only four letters can make something as wonderful and complex as a person

11. Nucleotides Each base will only bond with one other specific base. Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Form a base pair.

12. DNA Structure Because of this complementary base pairing, the order of the bases in one strand determines the order of the bases in the other strand.

13. G G A T T A A C T G C A T C

14. DNA Structure To crack the genetic code found in DNA we need to look at the sequence of bases. The bases are arranged in triplets called codons. A G G - C T C - A A G - T C C - T A G T C C - G A G - T T C - A G G - A T C

15. A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a protein. Each unique gene has a unique sequence of bases. This unique sequence of bases will code for the production of a unique protein. It is these proteins and combination of proteins that give us a unique phenotype.

16. DNA Replication With cell division -chromosome split in two (mitoses and meiosis ) DNA must divide DNA must make exact copies of itself DNA molecule – unzip New bases attached themselves in correct place of each strand Each strand becomes a double helix Sometimes mistakes happens – mutation Mutations is important in evolution

17. DNA Replication Unzip into two single strands

18. New bases attached themselves in the correct place of each strand Free nucleotides in nucleoplasm

19. Two identical strands are formed Each strand now becomes a double helix. Strand 1 Strand 2

20. 1. Identify the above molecule. 2. Give labels for parts numbered 1to 5 3. Describe how the above molecule replicates itself. 4. What is it significance that this molecule can replicate itself? Questions on the DNA Molecule 1 2 3 4 5 G T

21. Significance of DNA replication: Important for growth, reproduction Mutations can cause variation The main enzyme that catalyze the process is DNA polymerases Forms building block for amino acids that forms proteins Three bases provides more than the 20 combinations needed to code amino acids The sequence of the three bases is called a codon.

22. Protein DNA Gene Trait

23. Each PERSON’S DNA profile is unique!

24. What is DNA Profiling? A technique used by scientists to distinguish between individuals of the same species using only samples of their DNA

25. Where do we get DNA

26. DNA profiling Technique used to identify sequence of bases The nucleotides are separated from each other in the order that they are found in strand of DNA. Nucleotides appear as dark bands The sequence in this segment of DNA reads CTT- AGT Use as DNA fingerprint Unique for every person

27. DNA PROFILING IS DIFFERENT FROM FINGERPRINTS

28. DNA Profiling can solve crimes The pattern of the DNA profile is then compared with those of the victim and the suspect. If the profile matches the suspect it provides strong evidence that the suspect was present at the crime scene (NB:it does not prove they committed the crime). If the profile doesn’t match the suspect then that suspect may be eliminated from the enquiry.

29. Solving Medical Problems DNA profiles can be used to determine whether a particular person is the parent of a child. A childs paternity (father) and maternity(mother) can be determined. This information can be used in Paternity suits Inheritance cases Immigration cases

30. DNA fingerprinting is often used by the police in identifying the suspect of a crime. A useful but controversial method A sample of a suspect’s bodily fluid or tissue is to be compared with a sample found at the scene of a crime. The pattern of lines represents a person’s specific genetic make-up. DNA fingerprinting use in 11/9 disaster to identify victims DNA Fingerprinting

31. Diabetics need insulin to live Diabetes use insulin from pigs and cattle. This is not the same as human insulin and sometimes produces side effects. With genetic engineering, bacteria are used to produce some human insulin Bacterial DNA - Manufacturing of insulin

32. Famous cases In 2002 Elizabeth Hurley used DNA profiling to prove that Steve Bing was the father of her child Damien

33. Famous Cases O.J. Simpson was cleared of a double murder charge in 1994 which relied heavily on DNA evidence. This case highlighted lab difficulties.

34. 1. A ring of DNA is taken from a bacterium 2.A piece is cut out using enzymes as ‘chemical scissors’ 3. A cell is taken from a human pancreas. The gene for insulin is cut from the chromosome 4. The insulin gene is put into the ring of bacteria DNA 5.The bacteria reproduce, making clones of themselves 6. The insulin is collected and purified ready for use

36. Three types of RNA and their functions  1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) which acts as a template for protein synthesis and has the same sequence of bases as the DNA strand that has the gene sequence. 1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) 2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) 3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

37. 2. Transfer RNA (tRNA), one for each triplet codon that codes for a pecific amino-acid (the building blocks of proteins). tRNA molecules are covalently attached to the corresponding amino-acid at one end, and at the other end they have a triplet sequence (called the anti-codon) that is complementary to the triplet codon on the mRNA. 3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which make up an integral part of the ribosome, the protein synthesis machinery in the cell.

38. Differences between DNA and RNA DNARNA Double strandSingle strand Deoxyribose sugarRibose sugar Thymine and AdenineThymine and Uracil Guanine and Cytosine