1. POV: Point of View According to Kaplan (22): "Ask these questions in order to earn the core point for POV: 1. Does the occupation of the author give the document more reliability? (why?) (LAST RESORT) 2. Does the class, religion, national background or gender of the author influence what the author says? (why?) 3. Does the type of document influence the content of what is said? (why?) 4. Does the timing of the document influence the message? (why?) 5. Does the intended audience influence the message of a source? (why?) 6. Describing the tone of the document can also count for POV. The issue can be more subtle and is best used with other descriptions of POV." OR: Why does THIS person say what they have to say AT THIS TIME and PLACE? As a Greek historian, Herodotus would naturally………….because….. Writing in 450 BCE, Herodotus would naturally…………. because….. As a traveler to Babylon, Herodotus would naturally…………. because….

3. Unit I and Unit II (C 6, 7) A = SumeriaJ = South AmericaS = Mediterranean Sea B = Bantu HomelandK = MesoamericaT = Bay of Bengal C = Indus River ValleyL = Shang/ Zhou DynastyU = Iran D = Nile River ValleyM = Indo-European HomelandV = Persian Empire E = Andes MountainsN = Atlantic OceanW = Anatolia F = Huang He RiverO = Pacific OceanX = Greece G = MexicoP = Indian OceanY = Taklamakan Desert H = GuatemalaQ = Himalaya MountainsZ = Amazon River Basin I = PeruR = Sahara Desert

4. POV: Point of View According to Kaplan (22): "Ask these questions in order to earn the core point for POV: 1. Does the occupation of the author give the document more reliability? (why?) 2. Does the class, religion, national background or gender of the author influence what the author says? (why?) 3. Does the type of document influence the content of what is said? (why?) 4. Does the timing of the document influence the message? (why?) 5. Does the intended audience influence the message of a source? (why?) 6. Describing the tone of the document can also count for POV. The issue can be more subtle and is best used with other descriptions of POV." OR: Why does THIS person say what they have to say AT THIS TIME and PLACE?

5. Comparative Thesis template: While A and B are similar in terms of _____________________, they differ with regard to _____________ and ____________. These (similarities or differences) can be attributed to __________________________________ __________________________________ ________________________________.

6. TUESDAY 10/6: DUE C 8 Vocab/Annotated Outline/ Study Questions THURSDAY 10/8: In class Comparative Essay (75 points) READ over your Comparative Essay handout: come prepared MONDAY with any questions about format, etc. Prompt: Political Organization/System/Control of Persia under Darius (Achaemenid Empire) VS. Political Organization/ System/Control of China under Qin Shihuangdi (Qin Dynasty)

7. Unit II: 600 BCE – 600 CE Periodization?

8. Chapter 7: The Empires of Persia Darius (r. 521-486 BCE) Cyrus (r. 558-530 BCE) Alexander the Great (r. 334 – 323 BCE) Four Major Dynasties: Achaemenids (558-330 BCE) Seleucids (323-283 BCE) Parthians (247BCE-224 CE) Sassanids (224-651CE)

9. The Achaemenid (558-330 BCE) and Seleucid Empires (323-283 BCE) Who occupied this area before the Persians? What challenges do the Persians have in creating their empire? What were the keys to their success? Under Darius I: 35 million people!/ 3000 miles How does Darius portray himself NOT as a conqueror but as a legitimate ruler of this land?

10. The spirit of Achemaenid rule from which Cyrus the Great founded the Persian Empire (from approximately 559 B.C.) is best conveyed through the words of Darius : “... I will not tolerate that the weak shall suffer injustices brought upon them by the mighty. What is just pleases me.... You, my subjects, must not assume what the powerful undertake as sublime. What the common man achieves is much more extraordinary.”

11. “Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds”

14. Imperial Bureaucrats: Educated What’s their job? Problems with this new class? Centralized Administration What’s the evidence for this?

16. Zarathustra Ahura Mazda Angra Mainyu Zorastrianism - rituals, good vs. evil, Zarathustra, Ahura Mazda versus Angra Mainyu judgment day where your "good words, good thoughts, good deeds" are assessed. material world = OK (later influenced Christianity, Judaism, Islam): 1. omnipotent beneficent deity 2. good will prevail over evil 3. humans must strive for highest moral standards 4. humans will undergo judgment day Many of the same gods as the Aryans Celebrates same virtues: strength, military success, comfortable life

17. = HUGE AGRICULTURAL SURPLUS

18. What other problems led to the collapse of the Persian Empire? Why were the Persians defeated by the Ionian Greeks?

19. The Parthian (247BCE-224 CE) and Sasanid Empires (224-651CE) Seleucids (323-283 BCE)

20. Persepolis Bas relief

21. Social: Development and Transformatio n of social structures Political: State-building, expansion and conflict Interaction Between humans and the environment SPICESPICE

22. Social: Development and Transformatio n of social structures Political: State-building, expansion and conflict Interaction Between humans and the environment SPICESPICE initially clan based/ nomadic/ pastoralists centralized authority (Cyrus, Darius) but not direct rule of subjects SATRAPS governed 23 SATRAPIES/ locals helped administer satrapies imperial spies (“eyes and ears of the king”) Darius = genius = great administrator (TOLERANCE) open lines of communication (to administer 70 different ethnic groups) Xerxes = ruins tolerant environment = fall of the Achamenids Persian Wars 500-479 BCEcodified law code Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanid Empires (Alexander’s generals) Present Day Iran-Iraq Darius = W Anatolia, E Indus River Valley, S Egypt and N Armenia Geography was mixed/challenging = development of qanat system Variety of resources Persian Royal Road 1600 miles highly organized classes of bureaucrats/ priests/ craftsmen/ merchants/ slaves/ free peasants (the bulk of the population) population 35 million (Darius) conspicuous displays of wealth/ social extremes Imperial bureaucrats= very high status (undermined authority of old warrior elite…) “Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds”

23. Culture: Development and interaction of cultures Economic: Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems SPICESPICE

24. Culture: Development and interaction of cultures Economic: Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems SPICESPICE Zorastrianism - rituals, good vs. evil, Zarathustra, Ahura Mazda versus Angra Mainyu judgment day where your "good words, good thoughts, good deeds" are assessed. material world = OK (later influenced Christianity, Judaism, Islam): 1. omnipotent beneficent deity 2. good will prevail over evil 3. humans must strive for highest moral standards 4. humans will undergo judgment day high agricultural production/ huge agricultural surplus Required tribute/tax from each satrapy regularized tax levies (replaced local tribute systems) Roads fostered trade/ regular markets Specialized production in different areas of the empire =economic specialization Banks Standardized weights and measures/ standardized coins with value guaranteed by the state

25. YOUR QUESTIONS: C 6 THE AMERICAS C 7 THE EMPIRES OF PERSIA