1. Rare Isotope Spectroscopic INvestigation at GSI

2. abrasion ablation  σ f [cm 2 ] for projectile fragmentation + fission  luminosity [atoms cm -2 s -1 ] Rate Estimate Count Rate Estimate  70% transmission SIS – FRS  ε trans transmission through the fragment separator FRS  event rate[s -1 ] = luminosity[cm -2 s -1 ] * σ[cm 2 ] * 0.7 * ε trans

3. 20% speed of light deflecting magnets focussing magnets acceleration Max. 90% speed of light experiment UNILAC IonNumber of injections Intensity [spill -1 ] at FRS Ion source Date 58 Ni16*10 9 MEVVA3.2006 107 Ag13*10 9 MEVVA2.2006 124 Xe15*10 9 MUCIS3.2008 136 Xe45*10 9 MEVVA7.2006 208 Pb301.3*10 9 PIG3.2006 238 U12.0*10 9 PIG9.2009 Primary Beam Intensity 15.5% speed of light eff. puls width for injection: 47μs 36.2% efficiency intensity[s -1 ]=0.5*intensity[spill -1 ] period of one revolution 4.7 μs, 10 turns will be accepted for injection, acceleration: 0.5s, extraction 1s, magnet resetting 0.5s

4. RIBs produced by fragmentation or fission

5. Nuclear Reaction Rate The optimum thickness of the production target is limited by the loss of fragments due to secondary reactions Primary reaction rate: Example: 238 U (10 9 s -1 ) on 208 Pb (x=1g/cm 2 ) → 132 Sn (σ f =15.4mb) reaction rate: 44571[s -1 ] Primary + secondary reaction rate: 10.79 21.25 31.47 41.55 51.53 61.45 Example: Example: 124 Xe (10 9 s -1 ) on 9 Be (x=1g/cm 2 ) → 104 Sn (σ f =5.6μb) reaction rate: 375[s -1 ]

6. Nuclear reaction rate Reaction rate (thin target): Reaction rate (thick target): Example: Reaction rate: 57941[s -1 ] transmission (SIS/FRS)=70%, transmission (FRS) 1.9%

7. Optimization of the target thickness Primary reaction rate: Example: Primary + secondary reaction rate: 10.79 21.25 31.48 41.56 51.54 61.46

8. Reaction Parameters for Heavy-Ion Collisions The relevant formulae are calculated if A 1, Z 1 and A 2, Z 2 are the mass (in amu) and charge number of the projectile and target nucleus, respectively. Nuclear radius for homogeneous (sharp) mass distribution: Nuclear radius for diffuse (Fermi) mass distribution: Nuclear interaction radius: Nuclear reaction cross section at relativistic energies:

9. Secondary Beam Rate at S4 IonReactionσ[b]ε FRS [%]Rate[s -1 ] 36 Si 48 Ca+ 9 Be6.6·10 -5 15622 50 Ca 82 Se+ 9 Be4.5·10 -6 1442 46 Cr 58 Ni+ 9 Be1.6·10 -5 32342 68 Ni 86 Kr+ 9 Be5.3·10 -5 25886 82 Ge 86 Kr+ 9 Be0.8·10 -6 5932 104 Sn 124 Xe+ 9 Be5.6·10 -6 55206 134 Te 136 Xe+ 9 Be3.7·10 -4 4511137 179 W 208 Pb+ 9 Be8.8·10 -4 3319425 88 Kr 238 U+ 208 Pb2.6·10 -2 0.3226 132 Sn 238 U+ 208 Pb1.5·10 -2 1.2521 Beam intensity: 10 9 [s -1 ] Target thickness: 1[g/cm 2 ]

10. Secondary Beam Intensities at S4 transmission SIS-FRS: 70% primary Xe-beam intensity: 2.5·10 9 [s -1 ] Be-target thickness: 4g/cm 2 transmission through FRS: 60% primary U-beam intensity: 10 9 [s -1 ] Pb-target thickness: 1g/cm 2 transmission through FRS: 2%

11. Experimental set-up MUSIC ionization chamber; Z scintillator  Z A/Q multiwire chamber; beam position Y X

12. Experimental set-up FRS + RISING setup 56 Cr Z A/Q 86 Kr, 480MeV/u CATE Y X MWPC

13. E CsI detectors Mass identification ∆E 0.3 mm thick Si detectors Z identification Position sensitive CAlorimeter TElescope R. Lozeva et al., NIM A, 562 (2006) 298 EE E 56 Cr Y X

14. 15 Clusters (105 Ge crystals) ΔE γ =1.6% (1.3 MeV, d=70cm) ε γ = 2.8% Experimental set-up FRS + PreSPEC setup Ringangular range 110.5 0 -21.3 0 227.6 0 -38.4 0 330.6 0 -41.4 0 LYCCA-0 TPC 86 Kr, 480MeV/u

15. DSSSD ΔE energy loss DSSSD ΔEΔE x, y FRS beam A, Z E~100MeV/u Target Be/Au CsI-detector E res residual energy Plastic scintillator t Start Plastic scintillator t Stop Cluster Ge-Detectors Fragmentation or Coulomb-excitation Particles have to be identified again Energy loss ΔE ~ Z 2 Total energy (E res +ΔE) and velocity → A Time-of-flight measurement Scattering angle (twice position) Future goal: Reduce number of detectors Experimental set-up FRS + PreSPEC setup Diamond t Start LYCCA-0

16. Reaction Types at Relativistic Energies secondary beam intensity: 10 3 [s -1 ] target Au thickness: 0.4[g/cm 2 ] Coulex cross section: 0.50[b] RISING γ-efficiency: 3% reaction rate: 66[h] secondary beam intensity: 10 3 [s -1 ] target Be thickness: 0.7[g/cm 2 ] fragmentation cross section: 0.03[b] RISING γ-efficiency: 3% reaction rate: 152[h]

17. Scattering Experiments at 100MeV/u target thickness (mg/cm 2 ) angular width (mrad) Coulomb excitation: projectile mass number A 1 grazing angle (mrad)

18. target: Au,Be

19. Bremsstrahlung electric field lines (v/c=0.99) slowing down of a moving point-charge

20.  Radiative electron capture (REC) capture of target electrons into bound states of the projectile:  Primary Bremsstrahlung (PB) capture of target electrons into continuum states of the projectile:  Secondary Bremsstrahlung (SB) Stopping of high energy electrons in the target: Atomic Background Radiation

21.  Radiative electron capture (REC) capture of target electrons into bound states of the projectile:  Primary Bremsstrahlung (PB) capture of target electrons into continuum states of the projectile:  Secondary Bremsstrahlung (SB) Stopping of high energy electrons in the target: Atomic Background Radiation

23. 1381807 Additional Background Radiation

24. HECTOR BaF 2 Additional Background Radiation 132 Xe beam (150 MeV/u) → Au target (0.2 g/cm 2 ) time spectrum (ns) At the very beginning… prompt (target) 142 0 84 Kr beam (100 MeV/u) → Au target time spectrum (ns) 142 0 prompt (target)

25. HECTOR BaF 2 Additional Background Radiation Early gamma radiation 5ns, coming from the beam line, caused by the light particles, ranging to very high energies (0-20 MeV) 8-12ns after 15ns after

26. HECTOR BaF 2 Additional Background Radiation prompt CATE time spectrum Coulomb excitation: A/Q - 37 Ca, CATE - Ca prompt time spectrum Fragmentation: A/Q - 37 Ca, CATE -K (mainly 36 K) 37 Ca beam at 196MeV/u

27. 511 20040060080010001200 548 ~600MeV/u 68 Ni secondary beam ~100MeV/u 54 Cr secondary beam ~200MeV/u 132 Xe primary beam Incoming-outgoing projectile selection, Au target 197 Au Coulex line(  ~35mb) ? Additional Background Radiation

28. for with Doppler Broadening Δ

29. with for Doppler Broadening Δβ

30. for Velocity distribution at the moment of a prompt γ-ray decay after the production of 36 Ca. (T=130 AMeV and different 9 Be target thicknesses) target thickness [mg/cm 2 ] ΔE γ0 /E γ0 [%] 3003.4 5003.8 7005.3 ringangular range 110.5 0 -21.3 0 227.6 0 -38.4 0 330.6 0 -41.4 0 Doppler Broadening Δβ

31. Triaxiality in even-even nuclei (N=76) T.R. Saito et al. (2005) First observation of a second excited 2 + state populated in a Coulomb experiment at 100AMeV using EUROBALL and MINIBALL Ge-detectors.  collective strength  shape symmetry 2 1 + 0 + 2 2 + 0 + 2 2 + 2 1 + 136 Nd energy [keV] counts

32. LYCCA-0 commissioning June 2010 July 2010  measurements with projectile fragments  FRS-detectors: S2-finger detector, 4 TPCs at S2 & S4, 2 MUSIC, SC-41  ΔE, E res resolution (DSSSD, CsI)  Δtof (diamond-plastic) (plastic-plastic)  γ-ray background (HECTOR) degrader, Fe-window, Pb-brick wall, LYCCA-0  Cluster Ge-detector fragment-γ-ray coincidences, Doppler-shift correction  MUSIC fast readout  test of S2 finger detector  AGATA-detector 37 energy signals readout (DGF)

33. First fast-beam PreSPEC proposals Proposed experiment: 25 Si, 29 S and 33 Ar PreSPEC-Array, LYCCA ToF-  E-E-Telescope Coulomb excitation of 104 Sn Proposal by M. Gorska, J. Cederkall Mixed-symmetry states in 88 Kr Proposal by J. Jolie, N. Marginean

35. 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.000 What happens to the spectral shape, when one applies Doppler correction? „662 keV”

36. 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.100

37. 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.200

38. 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.300

39. 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.320

40. 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.330

41. 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.340

42. 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.345

43. 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.350

44. 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.355

45. 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.360

46. 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.370

47. 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.380

48. 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.390

49. 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.400

50. 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.410

51. 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.420

52. 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.430

53. 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.440

54. 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.450

55. 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.355 132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.355 Spectral shape is NOT Bremstrahlung! The nearly constant γ-background is compressed by Doppler correction.