2. Memory Requirements of Data Streams Reynold Cheng 19 th July, 2002

3. Data Stream Model User/ApplicationUser/Application Register Query Stream Query ProcessorResults

4. Data Stream Model User/ApplicationUser/Application Register Query Stream Query Processor Results Scratch Space (Memory and/or Disk) Data Stream Management System (DSMS)

5. Impact of Limited Memory Continuous streams grow unboundedly Question: Can a continuous query be evaluated using a finite amount of memory?

6. Query Model SPJ (Select-Project-Join) Queries  L (  P (S 1 x S 2 x … x S n )) L: List of projected attributes P: Selection Predicate S 1, S 2,…, S n : Input Streams  : duplicate-eliminating;  ’: duplicate- preserving

7. Query Model: Predicate P P: conjunction of atomic predicates Atomic Predicate S i.A Op S j.B (i = j or i != j) S i.A Op k Op: { }

8. Query Model: Attributes All attributes have discrete, ordered domains All attributes are of type integer

9. Query Model: Monotonic and Exact Answers The queries are monotonic Any tuple that appears in the answer at any point in time continues to do so forever. The answers produced are exact i.e., no approximation.

10. Motivating Examples When does a SPJ query require only a bounded amount of memory? Assume 2 streams: S(A, B, C) and T(D, E)

11. Query 1  ’ A (  A>10 (S)) Is a simple filter on S Tuple-at-a-time processing No extra memory for saving stream tuples

12. Query 1 (again)  A (  A>10 (S)) Keep track of each distinct value of A > 10 To eliminate duplicates Requires unbounded memory

13. Query 2  A (  A=D (S x T)) Save each tuple s in S, since s may join with any tuples in T that arrive in the future Also need to save each tuple in T Requires unbounded memory

14. Query 3  ’ A (  A=D ^ A > 10 ^ D < 20 (S x T)) Can be evaluated with bounded memory! For each integer v in [11,19], keep: current # of tuples in S with A = v (v.S) current # of tuples in T with D = v (v.T) For an incoming tuple from stream S with A = v, output v for v.T times. For an incoming tuple from stream T with D = v, output v for v.S times.

15. Query 4  A (  B 10 ^ A < 20 (S x T)) Can be evaluated with bounded memory! For each integer v in [11,19], keep: Current min value of B among all tuples in S with A = v (v.B_min) Current max value of D among all tuples in T with A = v (v.D_max) For an incoming tuple from stream S, check: S.B < v.D_max. For an incoming tuple from stream T, check: T.D > v.B_min.

16. Our Goals Some queries involving join can be answered using finite amount of memory Under what conditions can a query be answered using finite memory over all possible instances of streams? Identify a class of queries that can be evaluated with a bounded amount of memory Consider both duplicate-preserving and duplicate-eliminating projections

17. Bounded Memory Computability An SPJ query is bounded-memory computable if we can find: A constant M and, An algorithm that evaluates the query using fewer than M units of memory A unit of memory can store one attribute value or a count

18. Memory boundness testing (Outline) Rewrite Q as a union of Locally Totally Ordered Queries (LTO queries), based on the following theorem: Any query Q can be rewritten as Q 1 U Q 2 U … U Q m, where each Q i is an LTO query and unions are duplicate-preserving

19. Memory boundness testing (Outline) Q is computable in bounded memory if and only if all its decomposed LTO queries are computable in bounded memory. Key: Develop a theorem for checking the memory boundness of a LTO query Key: Develop a theorem for checking the memory boundness of a LTO query

20. Definitions Can write a query Q as Q(P), when only P is important to discussions Element: constant / attribute of a stream C(Q): Set of constants appearing in Q S(Q): Set of streams appearing in Q A(S): Set of attributes in stream S  (S) = A(S) U C(Q): set of elements in Q potentially relevant to stream S

21. Total Ordering P + : transitive closure of P A = 10 and B B < 10 Set of elements E is totally ordered by a set of predicates P if for any elements e1 and e2 in E, Exactly one of e1 e2 is in P +

22. Order-Inducing Predicates A set of predicates P is order-inducing if a set of elements E is totally ordered by P. TO(E): Set of all order-inducing sets of predicates for elements E Example E = {A,B,5} Order-inducing sets: {A < B, 5 < A}, {A = B, B < 5}. These two sets belong to TO(E).

23. LTO Query A query Q(P) is LTO query if for every S  S(Q),  (S) is totally ordered by P Where S(Q): Set of streams appearing in Q  (S) = A(S) U C(Q): set of elements in Q potentially relevant to stream S

24. Decomposition of a Query into LTO Queries Q =  ’ L (  P (S 1 x S 2 x … x S n )) can be decomposed into Q 1 U Q 2 U … U Q m, where Q i is an LTO query. Let TO(  (S i )) = {T i 1, T i 2,…, T i mi }, T i j is a local total ordering – one possible ordering of S i and query constants.

25. Decomposition Theorem An exhaustive union of m 1 x m 2 x m n queries: Q(P U T 1 1 U T 2 1 U … U T n 1 ) U Q(P U T 1 2 U T 2 1 U … U T n 1 ) U … U Q(P U T 1 1 U T 2 2 U … U T n 1 ) U Q(P U T 1 2 U T 2 2 U … U T n 1 ) U … U Q(P U T 1 m1 U T 2 m2 U … U T n mn )

26. Boundedness of Attributes An attribute A is lower-bounded by a set of predicates P if there is an atomic predicate A > k  P + for some constant k An attribute A is upper-bounded by a set of predicates P if there is an atomic predicate A < k  P + for some constant k An atomic attribute is bounded if it is both upper- bounded and lower-bounded An attribute is unbounded if it is not bounded

27. MaxRef and MinRef MaxRef(S i ) is the set of all unbounded attributes A of S i that participate in join of the form S j.B < S i.A, i  j MinRef(S i ) is the set of all unbounded attributes A of S i that participate in join of the form S i.A < S j.B, i  j

28. Boundness Testing of LTO Query (Duplicate-Preserving) Let Q =  ’ L (  P (S 1 x S 2 x … x S n )) be an LTO query where n > 1. Q is bounded memory computable iff: 1. Every attribute in L is bounded 2. For every equality join predicate S i.A=S j.B where i  j, S i.A and S j.B are both bounded 3. |MaxRef(S i )| = |MinRef(S i )| = 0 for i = 1,…,n

29. Proof Outline We create synopses of n data streams For each stream S i, partition the tuples that satisfy the total order condition on S i into distinct buckets based on the values of the bounded attributes Tuples with the same values of all bounded attributes are placed in the same bucket Tuples that differ on at least one bounded attribute are placed in different buckets

30. Proof Outline (2) For each bucket, store The values for the bounded attributes Total number of tuples falling into the bucket The total size of these synopses is bounded by constant Can be proved that if the 3 conditions are satisfied, these synopses suffice to evaluate the query.

31. Proof (If): Attributes not in project list / join condition can be ignored, because all local selection conditions must be implied by the total order C1 and C2 guarantee that all attributes in equijoin and project list are bounded Each synopsis maintains full information about the values of all bounded attributes for every tuple Equijoin and projections can be handled properly

32. Proof (If): C3 asserts For every S i.A < S j.B, i  j, either one is true: 1. Both attributes are bounded --- Synopses have full information for A & B 2. The total order implies S i.A < c < S j.B where c is some constant in Q --- No need to store actual attribute values, since all tuples from S i that satisfy the total order on S i join with all tuples from S j that satisfy the total order on S j No relevant information is lost by consolidating tuples into buckets

33. Proof (Only if): If one of the conditions C1, C2 and C3 does not hold, then Q cannot always be evaluated in bounded memory. For each condition, if the condition is violated, one can construct instances and presentations of the input streams that require more than M memory to correctly evaluate Q.

34. Boundness Testing of LTO Query (Duplicate-Eliminating) Let Q =  L (  P (S 1 x S 2 x … x S n )) be an LTO query where n > 1. Q is bounded memory computable iff: Every attribute in L is bounded For every equality join predicate S i.A=S j.B where i  j, S i.A and S j.B are both bounded |MaxRef(S i )| eq + |MinRef(S i )| eq  1 for i = 1,…,n |E| eq denotes the number of P-induced equivalence classes in the element set E.

35. Comments Q is computable in bounded memory if and only if all its decomposed LTO queries are computable in bounded memory. The checking algorithm needs O(|A(Q)| 4 ) times. If a query is not memory-bounded computable, approximation algorithms are necessary. For a memory-bounded computable query, computation is costly in the evaluation of each LTO query. Need to evaluate the query for every arrival of tuples.

36. Comments Only spatial requirement, not query speed, is considered. Can we extend the memory-boundness checking to general (including aggregate) queries? It is not always possible to provide exact answers to queries, so approximation query algorithms have to be developed. For these approximation queries, need to consider memory-boundness, execution speed and approximation quality.

37. Outline of this Talk Memory Requirements of Queries Memory Requirements of Queries Approximation Queries Approximation Queries Other Research Issues

38. Approximate Query Evaluation Why? Handling load – streams coming too fast Data stream is archived in a off-site data warehouse, expensive access of archived data Avoid unbounded storage and computation Ad hoc queries need approximate history Try to look at the data items only once and in a fixed order

39. Approximate Query Evaluation How? Sliding windows, synopsis, samples Major Issues? Metric for set-valued queries Composition of approximate operators How is it understood/controlled by user? Integrate into query language Query planning and interaction with resource allocation Accuracy-efficiency-storage tradeoff and global metric

40. Synopses Queries may access or aggregate past data Need bounded-memory history-approximation Synopsis? Succinct summary of old stream tuples Like indexes/materialized-views, but base data is unavailable Examples Sliding Windows Samples Sketches Histograms Wavelet representation

41. Sketching Techniques Self-Join Size Estimation Stream of values from D = {1,2,…,n} Let f i = frequency of value i Consider S = Σ f i 2, or Gini’s index of homogeneity. Useful in parallel DB applications, error estimation in query result size estimation and access plan costs. Equivalent query: count (R |><| D R)

42. Evaluating S = Σ f i 2 To update S, keep a counter f i for each value i in the domain D   (n) space Has to be kept for each self-join Question – estimating S in sub-linear space? (O(log n))

43. Self-Join Size Estimation AMS Technique (randomized sketches) Given (f 1,f 2,…,f N ) Z i = random{-1,1} X = Σ f i Z i (X incrementally computable) Theorem Exp[X 2 ] = Σ f i 2 Cross-terms f i Z i f j Z j have 0 expectation Square-terms f i Z i f i Z i = f i 2 Space = log (N + Σ f i ) Independent samples X k reduce variance

44. Estimation Quality How can independent samples X k improve the quality of estimation? Keep s 1 x s 2 samples for X k s 1 reduces variance, s 2 boosts confidence Avg(X 1j 2 ) Avg(X 2j 2 ) Avg(X 3j 2 ) Avg(X 4j 2 ) Avg(X 5j 2 ) Median (sketch) s1s1 s2s2 Atomic Sketch

45. Sample Run of AMS 36257V = Z 1 = 1 1111 1 Z 2 = X 1 = 5, X 1 2 = 25 X 2 = 14, X 2 2 = 196 Est = 110.5Σv i 2 = 123 46257V = Z 1 = 1 1111 1 Z 2 = X 1 = 6, X 1 2 = 36,X 2 = 12, X 2 2 = 144, Est = 90Σ v i 2 = 130,

46. Comments on AMS The self-join size can be computed on-line Sufficiently small variance (controlled by s 1 and s 2 ) Can this method be extended to answer other queries?

47. Complex Aggregate Queries A. Dobra et al. extend the idea of AMS to provide approximate answers to complex aggregate queries. AGGE SELECT AGG FROM R 1,R 2,…,R r where E AGG: COUNT/SUM/AVERAGE E: conjunction of (R i.A j = R k.A l ) It is proved that the error of these estimates is at most ε with probability 1-δ.

48. Basic Notions of Approximation For aggregate queries (e.g., SUM, COUNT), approximation quality can be measured by relative error: (Estimated value – Actual value) / Actual value Open question: for queries involving more than simple aggregation, how should we define approximation? Consider S |><| B T: (S: {A,B}, T: {B,C}) ABC 1020.5Doctor 810.3Lawyer 310.2Teacher ABC 810.3Lawyer 310.2Teacher Actual ResultApproximate Result

49. Basic Notions of Approximation (2) Can we accept this kind of approximation? ABC 1020.5Doctor 810.3Lawyer 310.2Teacher Actual ResultApproximate Result ABC 1121.6Doctor 810.3Student 310.2Teacher

50. Basic Notions of Approximation (3) Can we provide useful (semantically correct) but stale results? ABC 1020.5Doctor 810.3Lawyer 310.2Teacher Actual Result (at time t) Approximate Result (correct result at time t -  ) ABC 1020.5Doctor 810.3Lawyer

51. Outline of this Talk An Overview of Streams Data and Query Model Approximation Queries Other Research Issues Other Research Issues

52. Data Mining High-Speed Stream Data Mining Association Rules Stream Clustering Decision Trees Single-pass algorithms for infering interesting patterns on-line (as the data stream arrives) Useful for mission-critical tasks like telecom fraud detection

53. Conclusion: Future Work Query Processing Stream Algebra and Query Languages Approximations Blocking Operators, Constraints, Punctuations Runtime Management Scheduling, Memory Management, Rate Management Query Optimization (Adaptive, Multi-Query, Ad-hoc) Distributed processing Synopses and Algorithmic Problems Systems UI, statistics, crash recovery and transaction management System development and deployment

54. References B. Babcock, S. Babu, M. Datar, R. Motwani, J. Widom. Models and Issues in Data Stream Systems, PODS ’02. (Paper and Talk Slides) A. Arasu, B. Babcock, S. Babu, J. McAlister, J. Widom. Characterizing Memory Requirements for Queries over Continuous Data Streams, PODS ’02. A. Dobra, M. Garofalakis, J. Gehrke, R. Rastogi. Processing Complex Aggregate Queries over Data Streams, SIGMOD ’02. N. Alon, Y. Matias, M. Szegedy. The Space Complexity of Approximating the Frequency Moments, STOC ’96.

55. Thank You!