1. Unit 1 Chapters 1 & 2 Political Philosophers and the Origins of the American Government

2. Standard 1
SSCG1 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the political philosophies that shaped the development of the US constitutional government.
Analyze the writings of Hobbes (Leviathan), Locke (Second Treatise on Government), and Montesquieu (The Sprit of Laws) as they affect our concept of government.

3. Day 1: Government & The State
Warm Up:
Make a list of at least 5 things (services) that the government provides for its citizens.
Discuss these services as a class.

4. What is Government? (Or, What would your life be like without government?)
Who would protect you?
Who would provide education?
Who would pave the streets?
Who would punish criminals?
Who would care for the elderly & poor?
Who would respond to fires and natural disasters?

5. The Definition of a state (i.e. a country) (4 Characteristics)
1. Population
Examples
A nation MUST have people. The number of people has nothing to do with its status as a nation.
The population can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous.
The Vatican has the world’s smallest population, 880, while China has the world’s largest population, 1.3 billion.
South Korea’s ethnicity is 99.9% Korean, while Canada has no dominant ethnic group.

6. The Definition of a state (4 Characteristics)
2. Territory
Examples
A nation must have land.
A nation has known and recognized boundaries, that are defined by international law and must be respected; these boundaries can change.
Russia, the largest nation, is 6,592,800 square miles; the smallest, Vatican City, has acres.
A border dispute between Russia and China east of Mongolia puts the boundaries of these countries in flux.

7. The Definition of a state (4 Characteristics)
3. Sovereignty
Examples
A nation has supreme and absolute power within its own territory.
A nation decides its own foreign and domestic policy.
A nation defines its own government and forms its own economic systems.
Citizens of Saudi Arabia must adhere to strict Islamic dress codes in public.
In 1958, Cuba chose a communist form of economy and government.

8. The Definition of a state (4 Characteristics)
4. Government
Examples
Government is the institution through which a society makes and enforces public policies.
Every nation is politically organized, even though forms of government vary.
Public policies are all the things a government decides to do.
The 104th Congress struggled to draft a federal budget that would reduce the nation’s deficit.
The U.S. has many levels of government: national, state and local.
Taxation, defense, health care are all examples of public policies.

9. Day 1 & 2 Vocabulary Quiz Friday!
Government *Public Policy
Legislative Power *Executive Power
Judicial Power *Constitution
Dictatorship *Democracy
State
Sovereign

10. GOVERNMENT
The institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies.

11. Public Policy
All of the things a government decides to do – taxes, education, crime control, health care, etc.

12. Legislative Power
The power to make a law and to frame public policies. Congress

13. Executive Power The power to execute, enforce and administer laws.
President, VP and Cabinet

14. Judicial Power
The power to interpret laws, to determine their meaning, and to settle disputes within the society.
Courts
Supreme Court

15. Constitution
The body of fundamental laws setting out the principles, structures and processes of a government.

16. Dictatorship
A form of government in which the leader has absolute power and authority.

17. Democracy
A form of government in which the supreme authority rests with the people.
VOTE

18. State
A body of people living within a defined territory (means the country). who have a government with the power to make and enforce laws.

19. Sovereign
Having supreme power within its own territory.

20. Day 2: Important Political Theorists

21. Warm-Up
Those with the divine right were generally of royal birth. These individuals would then be succeeded by their children. How does this cartoon illustrate that concept?
How does the position of the king give him a God-like presence?
Is the cartoonist in favor of or against the Divine Right? How do you know?

22. Greek Origins of the Study of Government
Plato and Aristotle were the first Western philosophers to evaluate the nature of man as a “political animal” and the rightful shape of the government. Many elements of their thinking survive today, including the importance of the common good and the rule of law.

23. Greek Philosophers Plato (428-347BCE) Aristotle (384-322BCE
Raised in a distinguished family in Athens.
Wrote The Republic
Analyzed the relationship between politics & society
Question:
Is it always better to be just than unjust?
Greek philosopher
Wrote the Athenian Constitution: Earliest know constitution
Stated, “Man is by nature a political animal.”

24. 6 IMPORTANT European Philosophers
1. Niccolo Machiavelli ( CE)
Italian – Florence writer & statesman
Wrote The Prince
Posed the question:
“As a ruler, is it better to be feared or loved?”
What do you think?

25. 2. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679CE) English philosopher Wrote the Leviathan
Stated, “We should give our obedience to an unaccountable sovereign. Otherwise what awaits us is a ‘state of nature’ that closely resembles civil war.”

26. 3. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755 CE)
French philosophe
Wrote The Spirit of Laws
Developed the theory of Separation of Powers

27. 4. John Locke (1632-1704 CE) English philosopher
Wrote Second Treatise of Government: Basis for the Declaration of Independence
3 unalienable Rights: Life, Liberty, and Property

28. 5. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778CE)
French philosophe
Wrote Social Contract
“Republic” – states that are governed by laws; not a Monarch.
Ruler rule according to the “General Will”

29. 6. VOLTAIRE 1694-1778 François Marie Arouet French Tolerance
Freedom of Religion
Freedom of Speech
“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it”

31. Day 3: Forms of Gov’t & Basic Concepts of Democracy
Warm-Up: Answer 1-6 on your daily warm-up sheet.

32. Social Contract Theory
Humans live in a “state of nature” in which no government existed and no one had superior power. Anything a person acquired was done so by force and a person was only as safe as his or her own personal strength. Humans voluntarily gave up their freedom to the state in exchange for protection and security.

33. Social Contract Theorists
John Locke
English
Everyone has unalienable rights
Rulers must rule according to the rights of everyone
Jean Jacques Rousseau
French
Everyone has rights
Rules must respect the rights of the minority, but rule according to majority opinion

34. Standard 2
SSCG The student will analyze the natural rights philosophy and the nature of government expressed in the Declaration of Independence.
A. Compare & Contrast the Declaration of Independence and the Social Contract Theory.
B. Evaluate the Declaration of Independence as a persuasive argument.

35. 3 Questions to ask about how to Classify a Government:
Who can participate in the governing process?
Who holds the power?
What is the relationship between the legislative and the executive branches of government?

36. Categories of Government According to the Number of Rulers
In their writings, Plato and Aristotle described and analyzed the state in terms of autocracy, oligarchy and democracy – the rule of one, several and many. Both Plato and Aristotle advocated this type of government that was ruled by the educated elite, that is, an aristocracy; however, throughout the city-states of Greece they observed all forms of government. Still used today, governments will fall into the following three categories.

37. Categories of Government According to the Number of Rulers
Autocracy
The power and authority to rule are in the hands of a single individual. Sovereignty is in the hands of one –the king, queen, emperor, tsar, dictator, etc.
A dictatorship is the most common form of autocracy
King Abdullah from Saudi Arabia is an example of an autocratic leader.

38. Categories of Government According to the Number of Rulers
Oligarchy
A small group holds the power to govern. The power is derived from wealth, military power, social position, education, or some combination of these. Sovereignty is in the hands of a few.
A modern example is South Africa.

39. Categories of Government According to the Number of Rulers
Democracy
A government in which the people hold the power to rule, either directly or through elected officials. Sovereignty is in the hands of the people.
The US is an example.

40. 2 Types of Democracies Also called a pure democracy
Direct Democracy
Indirect Democracy
Also called a pure democracy
The people make law directly in mass meetings
All citizens have a chance to participate
EX. Ancient Athens
Also called a representative democracy
The people elect representatives and give them the power to govern
EX. U.S.

41. Categories of Government According to Division of Power
Unitary or Centralized Government – All powers belong to a single central agency.
Example: France, UK, governments of the 50 states of the U.S.
Federal Government – Power is divided between a central and several local governments
Example: United States of America, Canada
Confederate Government – An alliance of independent states forms under a common cause, such as defense or economic cooperation.
Example: European Union or Confederate States of America

43. Standard 2
SSCG The student will analyze the natural rights philosophy and the nature of government expressed in the Declaration of Independence.
A. Compare & Contrast the Declaration of Independence and the Social Contract Theory.
B. Evaluate the Declaration of Independence as a persuasive argument.

44. Test 1 Day 4: 1/12/15 Our Political Beginnings
Warm-Up: Read the Magna Carta on Pg. 33 of your textbook.
Answer the following questions on your own sheet of paper.
What basic American right has its origins in Article 39 of the Magna Carta?
Which article provides the basis for the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution, which states that no person can “be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law?”
What limits does Article 12 place on the king’s power to tax?

45. 3 Documents from England
1215
Magna Carta - signed by King John
Codified (made laws) rights of:
Trial By Jury
Due Process – government must act fairly and in accord with established rules in all that it does
Importance:
1. Protected against the taking of life, liberty, or property without due process of law
2. Established that the kings power was not absolute
English Petition of Rights - signed by King Charles I
No one may be imprisoned unless found guilty by a jury of their peers
Outlawed rule by the military in time of peace (Martial Law)
No quartering of troops without consent
No tax without consent of Parliament
Importance:
Declared that even the king must obey the law
1628
English Bill of Rights - signed by William & Mary
Prohibited a standing army in peacetime
Guaranteed free election
Freedom to petition the king
Guaranteed fair trial
Freedom from Excessive Bail
Freedom from Cruel & Unusual Punishment
Importance
Forms the basis of our Bill of Rights
1689

46. 3 Governmental Ideas from England
Ordered Government – a system of structured local government
Limited Government – Government is restricted in what it may do & each individual has certain rights that the government can not take away
Representative Government – government that serves the will of the people

47. 1. VIRGINIA – 1607 2. Massachusetts – 1620 3. New Hampshire – 1623 4
1. VIRGINIA – Massachusetts – New Hampshire – New Jersey – New York – Maryland Rhode Island – 1636

48. 8. Connecticut – 1636 9. Delaware – 1638 10. North Carolina – 1653 11
8. Connecticut – Delaware – North Carolina – South Carolina – Pennsylvania – Georgia

49. Colonial Governments & the 13 Colonies
As the colonies were established, they set up governments through which everyday life could be organized. The types of governments that were established were largely based on the circumstances under which they left England and their relationship with the English Crown. The next 2 slides will detail 4 types of colonies.

50. Colonial Governments & the 13 Colonies
Royal Colonies – Subject to the direct control of the crown
Governments usually bicameral legislature – 2 houses
Example: Virginia & Georgia
Proprietary Colonies – Organized by a person whom the king had made a grant of land
Example Maryland & Pennsylvania (William Penn)
Pennsylvania government was unicameral – 1 house
Charter Colonies – Based on charters granted to the colonists
Example: Connecticut & Rhode Island

51. 4. Buffer Colony – established to create a buffer (a separation) between two areas. Example – Georgia a buffer colony between NC, SC and Spanish Florida.

52. All Colonies Shared the following characteristics:
Natural Rights: Colonial governments protected people’s rights to life, liberty & property.
Higher Law: Colonial governments could not violate English law.
Separation of Powers: Colonial governments had separate branches – executive, legislative & sometimes judicial.
Checks & Balances: Each branch of government was subject to approval or monitoring by the other branches.
Representative Government: At least one house in each legislature was composed of members elected by male landowners.

53. Week Two Vocabulary Compromise Free Enterprise System
Sovereign
Autocracy
Oligarchy
Unitary Government
Federal Government
Division of Powers
Confederation
Presidential Government
Parliamentary Government
Compromise
Free Enterprise System
Law of Supply and Demand
Mixed Economy
Articles of Confederation
Ratification
Quorum
Framers

55. Tuesday 1/13/15

56. Day 5: The Coming of Independence
Warm-Up:
John Adams Boston Massacre Scene:
John Adams Boston Massacre Trial:
Discuss your thoughts about each of these after viewing.

57. Steps to Independence
French & Indian War - English Army and Colonists defeat French.
Sugar Act –British Parliament puts a tax on sugar & molasses
1764
Stamp Act- a tax on a legal documents, newspapers, decks of cards, and dice.
1765
Boston Massacre .

58. Battles of Lexington & Concord – troops begin the war for independence
Steps to Independence
Boston Tea Party – colonists dump tea in Boston harbor in protest of the tea tax
1773
First Continental Congress – 12 of the 13 colonies send representatives to Philadelphia; 56 delegate…colonists begin to UNITE!
1774
Battles of Lexington & Concord – troops begin the war for independence
1775
Second Continental Congress – this meeting convenes in response to the escalating conflict with the King
May 1775

59. The Declaration of Independence is adopted.
Steps to Independence
The Declaration of Independence is adopted.
July 4, 1776
The Articles of Confederation are adopted by Congress. It establishes a confederate government with a limited central government.
1777
Treaty of Paris officially ends the American Revolution; Britain recognizes the independence of the United States.
1783

60. The Declaration Of Independence
Reading of the Declaration of Independence
After the reading, use your textbook on pages to answer the following questions on your own paper.
1. Which truths in the second paragraph of the Declaration of Independence are “self-evident?”
2. Name the 3 unalienable rights listed in the Declaration.
3. From what source do governments derive their “just powers?
4. In the series of paragraphs beginning, “He has refused his Assent, “to whom does the word “He” refer?
5. According to the Declaration, what powers belong to the United States “as Free and Independent States?”
And for a little fun……

61. Headings Chapter 2 (15) put in box when finished.

62. No More Kings!

64. Day 6: The Critical Period
Warm-Up
What historical figures are shown here?
What are they trying to do?
Why do you think they are looking at so many flags?
What do you think makes their decision so difficult?

65. Articles of Confederation
November 15, 1777
Established “A firm league of friendship”

66. Governmental Structure Under the Articles of Confederation
Unicameral Legislature
Legislature chosen annually
1 state = 1 vote
No Executive or Judicial Branches, both were part of Congress
Presiding Officer chosen each year by members

67. Powers of Congress Under the AoC
Make war & peace
Send & receive ambassadors
Make treaties
Borrow money & set up a money system
Settle disputes among States
Raise an army by asking troops from States

68. State Obligations Under the AoC
Provide funds & troops requested by Congress
Treat citizens from other States fairly and equally
Allow open travel and trade between States

69. Weaknesses of the AoC No centralized government No power to tax
Can not regulate trade
Make States obey the Article of Confederation

70. Shays’ Rebellion
1786
Daniel Shays led a revolt of debtors, who organized to shut down the courts
Importance:
Representation of economic depression
Showed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation

71. Framers
The group of delegates who attended the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention May- September, 1787.
Key Delegates: G. Washington, J. Madison & A. Hamilton
Madison became known as “Father
of the Constitution” for his
contributions to its writing.

72. Key Concepts The following sources were used to support some of the key concepts used by the framers in drafting the Constitution.
The Spirit of the Law by Montesquieu
Popular Sovereignty
Limited Government
Social Contract by Rousseau
Popular Sovereignty
Limited Government
Two Treatises of Gov’t by Locke
Popular Sovereignty
Judicial Review

74. Thur Day 7: Creating The U.S. Constitution

75. 8/19/13 Warm-Up: 1) List at least 5 powers granted to Congress under the Articles of Confederation. 2) What obligations did States have to citizens? 3) What obligations did States have to each other? 4)What powers did Congress have? 5) What gov’t action took place in response to Shay’s Rebellion? 6) Do you believe the Articles proved weak? Why do you think our Founding Fathers ended up calling for the Constitutional Convention?

76. The Virginia Plan The New Jersey Plan The Great Compromise
Proposed by Edmund Randolph
Legislative- A bicameral (2 house) legislature based on state population
Executive – A national executive would have a “general authority to execute the national laws”
Judicial – Consisting of one or more “supreme courts and of inferior courts”
The New Jersey Plan
Proposed by William Patterson
Legislative – Unicameral (each state to be equally represented as in the Articles of Confederation
Executive – “Plural Executive” to be chosen by Congress; Executive has the power to appoint federal officials
Judicial – to consist of a single supreme court
The Great Compromise
Proposed on July 5, 1787 by Roger Sherman
Known as the “Great Compromise”
Legislative – Congress to be bicameral; lower house to be based on population and upper house equal
Three separate but equal branches

77. More Compromises
3/5ths Compromise – Compromise settling the issue of population & representation relating to slaves
“All free persons” should be counted and “3/5ths of all other persons”.
Commerce & Slave Trade Compromise – Congress can’t tax the export of goods from any state
Congress can’t act on the slave trade for at least 20 years – until 1808

78. Powers & Functions Overview
The power to interpret laws, to determine their meaning and settle disputes
The power to make laws & public policies
The power to execute, enforce and administer laws

79. Federalist v. Anti-Federalist
Leaders: Alexander Hamilton & James Madison
Leaders: Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, John Hancock
Support strong Federal government
Support Strong States’ rights
Support the U. S. constitution
Do not support the U.S. Constitution
Federalist will write the Federalist Papers to gain support for the ratification of the U.S. Constitution in the state of New York.
Importance: Once Federalists agreed to the Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments to the Constitution, which guarantee individual rights such as freedom of speech, press and right to assemble), the Anti-Federalist ratified the U. S. Constitution in 1781.

80. Purpose of the American Government Outlined in the Preamble of the Constitution
Form a More Perfect Union – Make a better state
Establish Justice – Equality for all
Insure Domestic Tranquility – Keeping the peace
Provide for the Common Defense – Defending the nation against local and foreign enemies
Promote the General Welfare - Serve all the nation
Example: Public schools, safe drinking water
Secure the Blessings of Liberty – Guarantee rights and liberties for all

82. 5 Basic Principles of American Democracy
Worth of the Individual
Equality of All Persons
2 Types of Equality – Equality of Opportunity & Equality Before the Law
Majority Rule & Minority Rights
Necessity of Compromise
Compromise - The process of blending and adjusting competing views and interests.
Individual Freedom
Assignment: Taking each of these Principles of American Democracy, write at least 1 paragraph (4 sentence min.) about how each of these in relation in being a teen in a high school. (i.e. you are all individuals, you must respect each other, some of your rights are limited, etc. Describe this and detail your thoughts and feelings)

83. Day 8: Ratifying the Constitution
Fri – 1/16/ Warm-Up:
Using the chart titled, “Selected Framers of the Constitution” on pg. 49, discuss:
-What similarities and differences can you see in the Framers’ backgrounds? Do you think their personal experiences helped or hurt their ability to draft the Constitution?
FYI: our first President was a planter and a soldier—NOT a politician!

84. Vocabulary Articles of Confederation Ratification Presiding Officer
Framers
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Connecticut Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise
Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Quorum

85. Day 5 & 6 Vocabulary Limited Government Representative Government
Magna Carta
Petition of Right
English Bill of Rights
Charter
Bicameral
Proprietary
Unicameral
Confederation
Albany Plan of Government
Delegate
Boycott
Repeal
Popular Sovereignty

86. Three Ring Government