1. Demand and Supply

2. Factors that affect Demand Price Income Population Advertising Interest Rates Price of complements Price of substitutes Fashion

3. Consumer Surplus The difference between how much buyers are prepared to pay for a good and what they actually pay.

4. Producer Surplus The difference between the market price which firms receive and the price at which they are prepared to supply.

5. Factors that affect Supply Price Costs of Production Indirect Taxes Natural Factors Price of other goods Changes in Technology Subsidies

6. Excess Demand and Supply Excess demand where demand is greater than supply and there are shortages in the market Excess supply is where supply is greater than demand and there are unsold

7. Complements and Substitues Complements or Joint Demand : This means that if in demanding one good a consumer is likely to demand another good. E.g. Tennis rackets and tennis balls. Substitutes or Competitive Demand: these are goods that can be replaced by another good. E.g. coke and pepsi

8. Derived Demand, Composite Demand Derived Demand: It is the demand derived that creates a demand for goods needed in the production of another good.eg an increase in the demand for cars will lead to an increase in the demand for steel. Composite Demand: is when a good a demanded for 2 or more distinct purposes.eg milk is used for cheese and yogurt. So an increase in demand for one composite good will lead to fall in supply of another good. E.g. An increase in demand for oil from the chemical industry will lead to a fall in supply of oil for petrol.

9. Joint Supply Joint supply is when a good is supplied for different purposes. E.g. cows are supplied for both beef and leather. An increase in demand for one good in joint supply will lead to an increase in its price. This leads to an increase in quantity supplied. The supply of the other good will increase leading to a fall in its price.

10. Total Revenue Price x quantity sold

11. Government and PED Governments want to raise revenue by imposing indirect taxes and VAT and excise duties on products. Governments select products which have inelastic demand. They target necessities or have few substitutes but they do not target food and water.

12. Factors affecting the PED The availability of substitutes Degree of necessity Proportion of income spent on the product Time Period

13. Price Inelastic <1 Price Elastic > 1 Unitary Elastic = 1

14. Factors affecting the PES Time Stock levels Production speed Spare Capacity Ease of entry in Market

15. Price Inelastic <1 Price Elastic > 1 Unitary Elastic = 1

16. Factors affecting the YED Necessities Luxuries YED asks the question of whether the good is normal, inferior or luxury? Inferior = <0 Normal = Between 0 and 1 Luxury = >1

17. Income elastic >1 or <-1 Income inelastic between +1 and -1

18. Cross Elasticity of Demand Inelastic between + 1 and -1 Elastic >1 and less than -1 Complement is <0 Substitute is >0

19. Normal,inferior and Giffen Normal good is when the demand for a good increases as income increases Inferior good is where demand decreases as income increases Giffen good is a special type of good where demand increases as price increases eg the demand for bread would increase on very low income families. Therefore the income effect outweighs the substitution affect.

20. Upward sloping demand curves