1. Operační program Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost Název projektu: Inovace magisterského studijního programu Fakulty ekonomiky a managementu Registrační číslo projektu: CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0326 Security and Defence Policy of the State Characteristics and trends in the security environment

2. Aim of the presentation To outline the basic characteristics of the current security environment To highlight selected trends and factors affecting the shape and nature of the security environment

3. Security environment - definition Outer space of the realization of national interests Place where national interests are in conflict Area with a higher degree of unknowability, uncertainties and under weak control Security environment is necessary to apply to a particular reference entity (state, international organizations, etc.)

4. Trends of the security environment Relative decline of the importance of states state in the system of international relations – their (territorial) sovereignty weakened Supranational entities (supranational companies, international organizations, NGOs, media, etc.) are gaining unprecedented influence on world affairs Increasing of prominent threats of transnational, supranational and non-governmental nature Globalization leads to extremely rapid and profound economic, political and military integration of regions and continents Mění se charakter a důsledky použití násilí v ozbrojeném konfliktu Nature, consequences and use of violence in armed conflict is changing

5. Changes in armed conflicts After the end of the Cold War the risk of a global military conflict significantly decreases Interstate conflicts are greatly outnumbered by intranational conflicts State actors (in the conflict) are alternated by non-state actors (asymmetric conflict) The ideological motivations of conflict (great ideologies of the past century) are replaced by economic, national or religious reasons

10. Sovereignty and Human Rights Human rights has became the reference object of the security policy and their universality is placed over the sovereignty of the state Defending human rights is becoming a central part of the security policies of democratic countries and international institutions The institutionalization of human rights protection (ICTY 1993, ICTR 1994, ICC 1998) Violations of human rights and their protection could be a reason for international military action (Allied Force, UNTAET, Unified Protector, etc.)

11. Importance of non-military threats (International) terrorism, cyberterrorism Proliferation of weapons, military technologies and strategic materials Environmental degradation Organized crime Negative impacts of the global social and economic divergence Epidemics and pandemics, etc.

12. (International) terrorism There is a significant change of the „quality“ and motivation of the terrorism Traditional terrorist organizations based on national or ideological grounds dissolved – replaced by religious ones (a sharp increase in the importance of so-called islamic terrorism) Unlike the past, the transnational terrorist networks operating in a global scale Terrorists are becoming a legitimate objective of the international military intervention (GWOT) On-line monitoring of terrorist attacks: GlobalIncidentMap.com

13. Cyberterrorism Cyberterrorism is the use of Internet based attacks in terrorist activities, including acts of deliberate, large-scale disruption of computer networks, especially of personal computers attached to the Internet, by the means of tools such as computer viruses Cyberterrorism is a controversial term. Some authors choose a very narrow definition, relating to deployments, by known terrorist organizations, of disruption attacks against information systems for the primary purpose of creating alarm and panic. By this narrow definition, it is difficult to identify any instances of cyberterrorism Cyberterrorism can be also defined as the intentional use of computer, networks, and public internet to cause destruction and harm for personal objectives Moonlight Maze (1999), Titan Rain (2003), Estonia (2007), Georgia (2008), Iran (2010), etc.

14. Proliferation In security terminology, the term is used for describing the proliferation process of spreading weapons (in the case of WMD and their means of delivery) beyond the existing holders, while often disregard existing control regimes and agreements For the purposes of the lecture proliferation can be divided according to quality standards in the following areas: a) proliferation of small and light weapons (SALW) b) proliferation of major arms c) proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

15. SALW Proliferation Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) UN definiton: „small caliber firearms, usually consisting of handguns, rifles, shotguns, manual, semi-automatic, and full automatic weapons and man-portable machine guns. The category of light weapons includes a wide range of medium-caliber and explosive ordnance, including man-portable and vehicle-mounted antipersonnel, antitank and antiaircraft rockets, missiles, grenade launchers, rocket launchers, land mines, antiaircraft guns, mortars, hand grenades and rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs), etc.“ handgunsriflesshotgunssemi-automaticfull automaticmachine gunsrocketsmissilesgrenade launchersrocket launchersland minesantiaircraft gunsmortars hand grenadesrocket-propelled grenades The proliferation of conventional small arms and light weapons is an important accelerator of internal conflicts currently Especially non-state actors are actors of the SALW proliferation

16. POBŘEŽÍ SLONOVINY 2011 PÁKISTÁN 2009

17. Major arms proliferation Major arms are proliferated by state actors mainly Production and distribution of major arms is much easier to control than in the case of SALW The proliferation of heavy weapons is basically a sort of legal international trade, except in cases of violation of the arms embargoes (UN, EU) The vast majority of heavy weapons is produced in the USA and Europe (democratic countries are the largest producers and exporters of these weapons) Regardless of the financial crisis, military spending (most of which are represented purchases of major arms) has recorded globally sustained growth

26. WMD Proliferation Jan Eichler: „Proliferation of WMD can be seen as a serious and deliberate threat of a military nature, which is directed against a number of countries, but so may be directed against the entire system of international security relations at regional or even global level.“ A variety of treaties and agreements have been enacted to regulate the use, development and possession of various types of weapons of mass destruction. Treaties may regulate weapons use under the customs of war (Hague Conventions, Geneva Protocol), ban specific types of weapons (Chemical Weapons Convention, Biological Weapons Convention), limit weapons research (Partial Test Ban Treaty, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty), limit allowable weapons stockpiles and delivery systems (START I, SORT) or regulate civilian use of weapon precursors (Chemical Weapons Convention, Biological Weapons Convention).

29. Predominant position of the U.S. U.S. remains militarily most important state Military, economic and technological potential of the U.S. allows relatively autonomous conducting of its foreign and security policy Defence expenditure help to maintain U.S. primacy in the world U.S. has established a network of foreign bases and alliances allowing control of the world's communications and key raw material areas

35. Operační program Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost Název projektu: Inovace magisterského studijního programu Fakulty ekonomiky a managementu Registrační číslo projektu: CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0326 Security and Defence Policy of the State Characteristics and trends in the security environment