1. 1 Tactics and Penetration Testing

2. Overview Tactics: A procedure or set of maneuvers engaged in to achieve an end, an aim, or a goal. Tactics Penetration testing Methods Guidelines 2

3. Tactics Reconnaissance Exploit Communication Command Effect Reserve Implications 3

4. IW-Strategy: 4 Critical Issues What must you defend? –Mission of the organization –Assets of the organization What can you defend? –Personnel limitations –Information limitations What is likely to be attacked?

5. IW-Strategy: 5 Reconnaissance Extend view of the World Finding the network: Lookup, DNS, Routes Locating key hosts: Services, Public Nodes Profiling: Role, OS, Age, Content, Relations, hosts vs. decoys Points of Access: Initial and Follow-on Points of Vulnerability: technical, procedure Points of Exploit: Change State Points of Effect: Channel, Target, Cover

6. Exploit Methods by which to gain access or elevate privileges System type: Service and OS End goal: Impersonate, Intercept, Modify, Interrupt Jump points: Local, Border, Remote Methods: Vulnerability, Action, Reaction Evidence: System, Defense, Network 6

7. Communication Transfer of information on progress Indicators: External evidence of progress Waypoints: Phases of method Signaling: Present, Ready, Beacon Reporting: Success, Fail, Options Transfer: Information, Code, Command 7

8. Command Directing actions of hack Manual vs. Automatic: interactive, shells Command Channels: application, infrastructure Encryption and encoding Passive vs. Active Intelligence: actions, options, productivity Commanding Effects 8

9. Effect Mechanism for advancing hack Employ, Corrupt, Install, Reconfigure Phased effects Split effects Delegation, Propagation, Relocation Confusion Reconnaissance Plant the flag, Capture the flag 9

10. Reserve Unused means of attack Respond to defenses Respond to detection Branch points Redundancy Deception 10

11. Implications Replicating attacks Modifying attacks Operational damage Mission damage 11

12. Penetration Testing Identify weakness Inform response: Priority, Options, Effectiveness Assess security performance Communicate risk: “We think we’re really secure.” 12

13. Methods Appropriate to goal Within scenario Deception Bounded range Bounded damage 13

14. Guidelines Agreement on terms of penetration Goal Constraints Liabilities Indemnification Success and Failure 14

15. Goal Personnel Process Technology Service Readiness Exploration 15

16. Constraints Where applied When applied Scenario Resources: cost, effort, personnel, technology Excluded methods 16

17. Liabilities Technical instability Personnel distraction Financial dispersion Public perception Mission disruption 17

18. Indemnification Authority Accountability Oversight and Decision Reporting Information handling Non-disclosure 18