1. Written Final Exam Review

2. Mitochondria Found in eukaryotic plant and animal cells Mitochondria processes: Cellular Respiration- breaks down sugar to make ATP Mitochondria components: –Outer membrane (Matrix surrounded by cristae folds) –Inner membrane –DNA

3. Chloroplasts Found in plant cells Chloroplast processes: Photosynthesis-uses solar energy to make sugar Chloroplast components: –Inner and outer membrane Thylakoids Stroma –Chlorophyll - pigment –DNA

4. Similarities between Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Both of these organelles –CONVERT ENERGY –Contain their own copy of DNA –Have 2 membranes

5. Differences between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis occurs in CHLOROPLASTS Equation 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sun light  Glucose + Oxygen Occurs in AUTOTROPHS- plants Cellular Respiration occurs in MITOCHONDRIA Equation C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + chemical energy Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + ATP Occurs in EUKARYOTIC HETEROTROPHS and AUTOTROPHS (ANIMALS and PLANTS)

6. Cellular RespirationPhotosynthesis Glycolysis- glucose oxidized down into pyruvate Releases energy Light Dependent Reactions Chlorophyll captures light energy Energy used to split water- oxygen diffuses out Hydrogen from water slides down ETC and generates ATP Energy used to generate NADPH (hydrogen from water) Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle- acetic acid oxidized Releases carbon dioxide and energy Light IndependentReactions Calvin cycle- energy from light reactions (ATP and NADPH) used to form Carbon dioxide into sugars like glucose Electron Transport Chain- energy from previous steps generate 32 ATP Oxygen and Hydrogen form water STEPS IN CHEMICAL ENERGY PROCESS

7. Cellular RespirationPhotosynthesis 1.Glycolysis – glucose is broken down into two pyruvates 1. Light dependent reaction – Chloropyhyll absorbs energy from sunlight. Water is broken down and oxygen is released as a waste product. ATP and NADPH are made and transferred to light – independent reaction (calvin cycle) 2.Krebs Cycle – Each Pyruvate is broken down into 3 CO 2 molecules and released as waste 2. The Calvin Cycle – Carbon Dioxide is added to the Calvin Cycle. Glucose is produced. NADH and FADH 2 are formed 3. Electron Transport Chain – NADH and FADH 2 molecules release hydrogen ions that are transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane with the help of electrons. The result of these multiple processes is the production of large amount of ATP.

8. ENERGY AND MATTER CYCLES Similarities between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration –Both cycle matter ( glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water) –Both transfer energy- flows between biotic and abiotic structures.

9. Similarities and differences between Prokaryote and eukaryote cells. Prokaryote Eukaryote 1.Living 2.Cytoplasm 3.DNA 4.Cell Membrane 5.Ribosomes 6.Can be unicellular 1. Membrane-bound organelles 2. DNA in nucleus 3. Larger and Multicellular or unicellular 5. Ex: Plants, Animals, Protists and Fungi BOTH 1. No membrane bound organelles 2. free-floating DNA 3. Smaller and only unicellular 4. Ex: Bacteria

10. Carbon Based Molecule What structures in the cell are they a part of? Carbohydrate Labels on cell membrane Cellulose in cell wall- structure Lipid Phospholipid bilayer (cell membrane) Cholesterol (cell membrane) Protein Channels/pumps thru the membrane Muscles Enzymes Nucleic Acid DNA/RNA In the nucleus

12. Carbon Based Molecule What are the monomers Carbohydrate Monosaccharide (simple sugar) Ex: glucose Lipid Phospholipid (fatty acid tails and phosphate) Triglyceride (fatty acid tails and glycerol) Fatty Acid Protein Amino Acid Nucleic Acid Nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base) DNA- deoxyribose sugar RNA- ribose sugar

13. Carbon Based Molecule What are the polymers Carbohydrate POLYSACCHARIDES Starch – plant energy storage Cellulose- plant structural material Glycogen- animal energy storage Lipid Phospholipid- in bilayer Protein Polypeptide chain which folds into a Protein (example- protein channels, muscle, enzymes, antibodies, hair, nails) Nucleic Acid DNA RNA

14. What do all Carbon-based molecules have in common? They all contain CARBON- (with Oxygen and Hydrogen) makes them ORGANIC They are necessary for life They are all made from monomers They all have the capability to make polymers-macromolecules

15. Enzymes Enzymes are a sub class of proteins. –Their structure is an enzyme with an active site and a separate substrate to be acted on. Substrate Active site Enzyme

16. Enzymes –Their function is to catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy (they put objects in the correct position so that a reaction happens quicker). –They can be denatured with temperature and pH changes.

17. Why do water molecules move with osmosis? Osmoregulation- the control of water movement across the cell membrane. –Water “follows” solute. Solute- a substance dissolved in solvent Tonic- term used to refer to solvent –Hypertonic- more solute in solvent outside of cell –Hypotonic- less solute in solvent outside of the cell –Isotonic- equal amount of solute outside of cell and inside of cell. Solute is usually charged and does not move through membrane

18. Why do water molecules move with osmosis? Hypertonic solution –Solute concentration outside the cell is HIGHER than solute concentration inside the cell. –Water is moving OUTSIDE the cell to follow solute Cell shrinks –plasmolysis

19. Why do water molecules move with osmosis? Isotonic solution –Solute concentration is the same inside and outside the cell. –Water moves equally into and out of the cell. Normal Cell- no change

20. Why do water molecules move with osmosis? Hypotonic solution –Solute concentration outside the cell is LOWER than solute concentration inside the cell. –Water is moving INSIDE the cell to follow solute Animal cell swells and will possibly burst –Cytolysis Plant cell swells until cell walls restrict further swelling –Turgor pressure

21. NET MOVEMENT Where is the water going? –The water is moving toward areas of high areas of solute concentration = NET MOVEMENT OF WATER. –The solute is unable to cross the membrane due to size. Example Starch is too big to pass through.

22. Identify and Describe types of active and passive transport Passive Transport- does NOT require energy –EXAMPLES –Diffusion- materials move from high to low concentration –Facilitated diffusion- diffusion through a protein channel –Osmosis- diffusion of water through a membrane.

23. Molecules that can move through the membrane. Small and Non-polar molecules –Oxygen and carbon dioxide Small polar molecule –Water Small sugars can, but move across very slowly –Glucose

24. Identify and Describe types of active and passive transport Active Transport- requires energy/ATP! –EXAMPLES: –Phagocytosis – intake of food particles –Pinocytosis- intake of fluid –Endocytosis- general intake of materials (usually requires a key or receptor on outside of cell –Movement against the concentration gradient.

25. EXPERIMENTAL REVIEW Hunters on the planet Nefarious have started to complain to the Intergalactic Wildlife Foundation (IWF) that there has been a dramatic increase in the number of mutated Mountain Elkdeer since the IWF began gold mining in the high altitude environments. The number of mutated Mountain Elkdeer has increased from 5 in 2002, and increased again to 27 in 2008, and increased yet again to 89 in 2014.

26. EXPERIMENTAL REVIEW Gold mining results in mercury leaching into the soil and water, greatly contaminating it. Mountain Elkdeer breed in high altitude environments and drink from the streams there. A close cousin, the Plains Elkdeer, breed in low altitude and drink from lake water, and show only a few mutations- 2, 3, and 2 respectively in years 2002, 2008 and 2014. The IWF suspects that the mercury in the soil is causing newborn Mountain Elkdeer to become mutated.

27. How would you study this population? This experiment would have to take place in the field. –1. Make yearly observations of both the Mountain Elkdeer and the Plains Elkdeer populations for 5-15 years. –2. Establish total population numbers for each species per year. –3. Count the number of mutants occurring in each population. –4. Compute the average of mutated vs. normal elkdeer in each population.

28. What did the hunter’s observe about the Mountain Elkdeer? Mountain Elkdeer drink from streams and have mutated newborns Plains Elkdeer drink from the lake water and show no mutations. The HUNTER’s observed an increase in the number of mutated Mountain Elkdeer

29. Testable Question Does mercury in water/soil affect the mutation rates of the Elkdeer?

30. What would your independent variable be? The independent variable is something that the experimenter can manipulate. –In this experiment, the independent variable would be the mercury tainted water caused by mining.

31. What would your dependent variable be? The dependent variable is something the experimenter will measure! –In this experiment, the scientists are measuring the rates of mutation in Elkdeer.

32. As a member of the IWF, what would your hypothesis be? The hypothesis would be… –IF elkdeer drink mercury tainted water, THEN they will become mutated.

33. Data to support hypothesis The number of mutated Mountain Elkdeer has increased an average of 5 in 2002, and increased again to 27 in 2008, and increased yet again to 89 in 2014. While the Plains Elkdeer have no significant increase in mutation rates.

34. What control would you have? The Plains Elkdeer drinking regular water, will be the control of this experiment. –They are not receiving the independent variable (the mercury tainted water) and will establish how “normal” elkdeer are.

35. What constants would you have? This experiment is taking place in the field, so constants would be difficult to establish. –However, they may be… The use of elkdeer for both the experimental and control groups. Both groups will be exposed to a water source.

36. GRAPH

37. Graph If you had to graph the variables, type of Elkdeer and mutations, what type of relationship would be illustrated? POSITIVE