1. Building KB’s by Assembling Components Bruce Porter (UT Austin) Peter Clark (Boeing)

2. The Problem Representations are complex to build from scratch –SMEs not able to encode knowledge directly But: –representations contain repeated abstractions production occurs in photosynthesis, mitosis, growth germination includes conversion, production, expansion

3. Building Representations from Reusable Components KBs can be constructed easily by connecting pre-built, intermediate-level representations (components) Knowledge engineers build a component library containing high-level and mid-level core concepts. SME’s build knowledge bases by instantiating and assembling the components. Hypothesis: Approach:

4. Example: Representation of Virus Attack Arrive Cell PenetrateEnterUncoatExit Virus Attack Attach MembraneCytoplasm Lysosome Acid VirusDNA agent location agent patient parts contains then subevents parts patient Are there identifiable components in here? How can we encode them? How can an SME use them to build representations such as this one?

5. subevents Arrive Cell PenetrateEnterUncoatExit Virus Attack Attach MembraneCytoplasm Lysosome Acid VirusDNA agent location agent patient parts contains then subevents parts Arrive Object BreakEnter Invade Barrier Agent agent attacker defender then defense locationagent patient agent patient One component...

6. Arrive Cell PenetrateEnterUncoatExit Virus Attack Attach MembraneCytoplasm Lysosome Acid VirusDNA agent location agent patient parts contains then subevents parts patient AgentObject Release Deliver Convey Agent recipient patient agent then Move Container contains Move …. instrument subevents Another component...

7. Arrive Cell PenetrateEnterUncoatExit Virus Attack Attach MembraneCytoplasm Lysosome Acid DNA agent location agent patient parts contains then subevents parts patient OpenExit ContainerObject Release agent then subevents patient contains Virus Another component...

8. Encoding Components Move = event that changes the location of a TangibleThing Convey = Move of a Container and its contents (every Convey has (patient ((a Container))) the Defining property (causes ((forall (the contains of (the patient of Self)) (a Move with (patient ((It))) (source ((the source of Self))) (destination ((the destination of Self))) (concurrent-with ((Self))) )))))

9. Move = event that changes the location of a TangibleThing Convey = Move of a Container and its contents Release = Undo of a Hold Deliver = Convey then Release (every Deliver has (agent ((a Container))) (patient ((a TangibleThing))) (subevents ((a Convey with (agent ((the agent of Self))) (patient ((the patient of Self))) (nextEvent ((the Release subevents of Self)))) (a Release with (agent ((the agent of Self))) (patient ((the patient of Self))))))) Encoding Components

10. Move = event that changes the location of a TangibleThing Convey = Move of a Container and its contents Release = Undo of a Hold Deliver = Convey then Release Container = Barrier that separates two Space’s, inside and outside Enter = Move into a Container through a Portal (Enter has (superclasses (Move)) (every Enter has (beneficiary ((a Container))) (source ((the outside of (the beneficiary of Self))) (destination ((the inside of (the beneficiary of Self))) (through ((oneof (the portal of (the beneficiary of Self)))))) Encoding Components

11. SME Using Components: 1. Specializing a single component Vascular Tissue = {as a type of conduit} the conduit in transportation of water from the root system to the shoot system of a plant Endocytosis = {as a type of take in} the process by which a cell takes in particles from outside the cell.

12. Photosynthesis = production of glucose from CO 2 and water + conversion of energy from sunlight to chemical bonds SME Using Components: 2. Combining several components

13. Now we’re going to show how the SME might build the earlier Virus Attack concept using components This is kind-of a reverse of the abstraction process illustrated earlier This is *not* the user interface, it just illustrates the operations. SME Using Components: Example [This slide to be heard, not seen]

14. The knowledge which the SME wants to encode: SME Using Components: Example “During a virus attack, a virus invades a cell.” “The virus delivers its DNA into the cell.”

15. 1. Name the new concept Virus Attack SME Using Components: Example

16. 2. Locate “Invade”, “Cell”, and “Virus” in the library Arrive Object BreakEnter Invade Barrier Agent agent attacker defender then subevents defense locationagent patient agent Cell MembraneCytoplasm Lysosome Acid parts contains parts Virus DNA contains Virus Attack SME Using Components: Example

17. Arrive Object BreakEnter Invade Barrier Agent agent attacker defender then subevents defense locationagent patient agent Cell MembraneCytoplasm Lysosome Acid parts contains parts Virus DNA contains 3. Relate Cell and Virus to their roles in Invade Virus Attack SME Using Components: Example

18. 4. System combines the components ArriveBreakEnter Virus Attack agent attacker defender then subevents location agent patient agent Cell MembraneCytoplasm Lysosome Acid parts contains parts DNA contains Virus

19. ArriveBreakEnter Virus Attack agent attacker defender then subevents location agent patient agent Cell MembraneCytoplasm Lysosome Acid parts contains parts 5. SME locates another component, “Deliver”, in the library DNA contains Virus AgentObject Release Deliver Convey Agent recipient patient agent subevents then Move Container contains Move …. instrument patient

20. ArriveBreakEnter agent attacker defender then subevents location patient agent Cell MembraneCytoplasm Lysosome Acid parts contains parts DNA contains Virus AgentObject Release Deliver Convey Agent recipient patient agent subevents then Move Container Move …. instrument 6. SME relates roles in Deliver to objects in Virus Attack patient Virus Attack

21. then Cell MembraneCytoplasm Lysosome Acid parts contains parts DNA contains Virus Release ArriveBreakEnter attacker defender then subevents location patient agent Convey subevents patient Virus Attack 7. System combines the components

22. then Cell MembraneCytoplasm Lysosome Acid parts contains parts DNA contains Virus Release 8. SME locates component for Release ArriveBreakEnter attacker defender then subevents location patient agent Convey subevents patient OpenExit ContainerObject Release agent then subevents patient contains Virus Attack

23. then Cell MembraneCytoplasm Lysosome Acid parts contains parts DNA contains Virus Release ArriveBreakEnter attacker defender then subevents location patient agent Convey subevents patient OpenExit agent then subevents patient Virus Attack 9. System combines the components

24. Summary KBs can be constructed easily by connecting pre-built, intermediate-level representations (components) Knowledge engineers will build a component library containing high-level and mid-level core concepts. SME’s will build knowledge bases by instantiating and assembling the components.