1. Section III: Napoleon Bonaparte (Pages 448-452)
This section is about:
How Napoleon rose quickly within the ranks to become a general in the French Revolutionary Army.
How Napoleon began to play a larger role within France’s government until he was named emperor for life.
How Napoleon led successful attacks against other European powers and built a French empire. E

2. E Napoleon’s a name just about everyone’s heard several times.
Many people know one or two “facts” about him.
It’ll be nice to know more about him.
The pictures on pages 449 and 451 are pretty good descriptions of Napoleon’s image. E

3. Napoleon’s Beginnings
When the Reign of Terror died down, most people realized it had been a bad thing (lot of innocent people killed).
The government was shaky at the time and needed a strong leader.
An army officer from Corsica took advantage of a chaotic situation. E

4. Early Life and Achievements
Napoleon’s family was a little important in Italy, so he got to go to a good school.
He went to a French prep school and then a military academy (excellent math and geometry student).
He quickly became an officer and took an oath of loyalty to the constitution.
He was even part of the soldiers who tried to control the angry mobs after the revolution E

5. Early Victories 1
In 1793, France was at war with Austria, Spain, Britain, and the Netherlands (along with some civil wars in France).
This was all to keep the “Royalists” from coming back in to France to re-gain control.
Napoleon’s leadership skills were noticed and he was made a general.
By 1794, Napoleon asked for, and led an attack on the Austrians.
He was now recognized and praised for his abilities. 2 3 E

6. A “Whiff of Grapeshot” E
The National Convention was coming up and everything was pretty stirred up in France.
Napoleon was asked to keep order (and he was given all of Paris’ soldiers to work with).
When the crowd became too worked up, Napoleon had his men shoot at them – at close range with what was called “grapeshot.”
This would wound a lot of people (lots of blood) but usually didn’t kill.
It worked – the Royalists didn’t take over the convention – and Napoleon had become famous.
……………. E

7. Napoleon wanted more and asked to be put in charge of a campaign in Italy.
He wanted to invade and make it part of France.
The convention agreed to his plan but… this was different for France.
They were now changing their policy of only defending – now they were attacking.
Napoleon was successful (and also with Austria).
France now went all the way to Belgium.
Napoleon was France’s greatest military hero.
In 1797 he returned to Paris – ready to create a new government 4 5 E

8. The Directory and… Napoleon’s Rise to Power
People eventually got tired of the National Convention (the Reign of Terror, too many “Royalists”).
They were replaced with “the Directory.”
2/3’s of the Directory were the former National Convention – the other 1/3 was elected.
This was not a good group – they were mostly concerned with keeping their power and not with changing France into a republic.
………………
A government where people pick leaders to represent them E

9. returning “immigrants”
The Directory passed laws against “emigres” trying to return to France.
They were mostly former Second Estate aristocrats.
Eventually laws were passed which allowed them to come back, but they could have no political rights.
The Directory also went after the First Estate.
Thousands of priests were arrested, deported, or sent to prison in other places.
The Directory also tried to control the Roman Catholic Church (who had been hooked in with the old monarchs) E

10. Rise to First Consul
Napoleon was rewarded for his victories: made a member of “the Institute” – for important men.
He was bored – he wanted some “action”
He decided to attack Great Britain (in Egypt).
This was okay with the other people of the Directory – they wanted him to leave Paris and stop trying to take control there.
He didn’t do too well against the British and came home.
…………….. E

11. France's Napoleon Bonaparte ( ) invaded Egypt in July 1798 with 400 ships and 55,000 soldiers in an attempt to control the commercial land route to India and deal a significant blow to Britain's economy. During the relatively brief period of the French occupation (his troops surrendered to the British in September 1801), Napoleon encouraged more than 150 artists, engineers, mathematicians, naturalists and scientists (savants) to record with exacting precision Egypt's buildings, its monuments, flora, fauna and terrain as well as the region's society and forms of commerce. E

12. E While Napoleon was in Egypt, the Directory was having problems.
They couldn’t get a constitution written.
The citizens didn’t trust them.
It was decided to dissolve the Directory – but who’d be in charge?
Three men – called counsuls.
You thought Napoleon, didn’t you?
He was one of the consuls though – and the most powerful – the only one who could control the people. E

13. The Code Napoleon
Napoleon completely organized the French government on all levels.
He set up a school system.
He formed a national bank.
He signed a concordat (agreement) with the Pope that the French Church would be under Napoleon’s control.
He pretty much made up the code of laws France still uses today – The Code Napoleon.
………………….. E

14. The Code Napoleon gave the citizens the right to own property, the right to make contracts, and the equal application of the law to all citizens.
Napoleon combined the good old traditions with the ideas of the new one.
By 1802, Napoleon had become First Consul, a military dictator, and the sole ruler of France – named: Napoleon I: Emperor of France for Life.
He crowned himself – so it didn’t look like anyone else made him leader or that he owed anyone for doing it. 6 E

15. Napoleon's Wife - Josephine
The Artist
The Pope
Napoleon's Mom 1 3 2 E
Napoleon's Wife - Josephine 4 6
Napoleon 5
Napoleon's Sisters

16. Napoleon’s Victories 7 8 E Don’t forget: Napoleon was a military man.
He was constantly leading him men into battle (on horseback).
He never fought a war in which he was attacked first.
He always knew his enemies weak spots and attacked there first.
He always made good peace agreements for France.
Napoleon and France fought: the Austrians and the Russians, beating both.
It seemed like France was unstoppable. 7 8 E

17. This is the last slide for today
Make sure page "E" is completed E