1. Hormone Theory vs. Calorie Theory of Weight Loss

2. Obesity and the 20 th -21 st Century With modern life comes many conveniences The busier we are the more likely we are to utilise as many conveniences as possible Most people are incredibly time poor due to work, families and extra-curricular activities Unfortunately the business contributes to poor health in a number of ways: – Poor food choices – Lack of exercise – Increased stress levels

3. Obesity Trends

4. Financial Cost Image source: http://debategraph.org/DocumentVie w.aspx?nid=340964

5. Personal Cost Social isolation Increase risk for disease Increased prevalence of disease Pain Loss of income Loss of health Loss of confidence

6. So why are we so overweight? Modern food is incredibly processed – this breaks the bonds between the molecules in food and releases energy very quickly Sugar is found in almost every processed food (even savoury food) Fat has been removed from food Misinformation is everywhere The food industry controls the nutritional messages being given to the public People are moving much less and are less fit

7. Why is weight loss difficult Society is saturated with food messages Food is available at all times of the day Unhealthy food is more readily available, more accessible, more convenient and often incredibly cheap Sugar is very addictive The messages around weight loss are confusing Food is more than just calories and nutrients – there is a social and emotional element to eating The calorie theory of weight loss is the conventional belief but it doesn’t address crucial issues

8. Calorie Theory of Weight Loss Calories in should be less than calories out I.e. move more eat less Obesity is then nothing more than over consumption of calories What food you’re eating doesn’t matter so much as the energy density of the food Whilst calories do matter to a degree, they cannot be the only thing to take into consideration when trying to lose weight

9. Move more, eat less Quite an unhelpful statement for a number of reasons: – Fat, carbohydrate and protein all cause very different effects on our body – Different hormones are stimulated dependent on what we eat – How many calories are in food is a guess – How many calories we burn on a day to day basis is a guess – It puts the blame on people when sheer will power cannot keep the weight off (because they’re hungry all the time)

10. Hormonal Theory of Weight Loss The theory that the macronutrient content of food is far more important the estimated caloric content The macronutrient content influences the the hormones that our body produces Therefore, hormones are the driving force behind weight gain and weight loss This makes sense as it is our neuroendocrine system that regulates appetite Refined carbohydrate, especially grains and fructose, have an ability to disrupt the neuroendocrine system

11. Inflammation and Hormones Somehow inflammation and hormone dysfunction are intertwined Did the inflammation cause the hormone dysfunction or vice versa? Ultimately, you deal with the inflammation and you will fix the hormones

12. Hormonal Theory of Weight Loss Insulin (produced in response to increased blood glucose levels) is a fat forming hormone; insulin tells the body to a) stop breaking down fat and using it as a source of energy and b) start making more fat Many obese people are insulin resistant Leptin is a hormone secreted by fat cells (adipokine); it helps regulate our long term energy balance and suppresses food intake (Klok, Jakobsdottir & Drent, 2007)Klok, Jakobsdottir & Drent, 2007 People who are obese are leptin resistant Ghrelin is our hunger stimulating hormone and it works with leptin to assist in regulating appetite It has been found that obese people have low levels of ghrelin and are leptin resistant (Klok, Jakobsdottir & Drent, 2007)Klok, Jakobsdottir & Drent, 2007 This indicates a picture of hormone dysfunction that would profoundly affect appetite regulation

13. The Complexities of Weight Loss Over the years, I have heard many people, who struggle with weight loss, talk about constantly feeling hungry no matter how much food is consumed Research is indicating that sugar (fructose) may be able to influence hunger and drive obesity (Melanson et. al., 2008)Melanson et. al., 2008 Leptin resistance would also leave someone feeling hungry all the time Low fat diets (i.e. restrict calories in) will not address leptin resistance

14. Re-setting Hormones Reduce your inflammatory mediators (stress, omega 6, seeds oils, sugar, refined carbohydrate etc.) You need to fast (Hallberg et. al., 2005)Hallberg et. al., 2005 Increase your soluble fibre (think gut health) (Islam et. al., 2012)Islam et. al., 2012 High intensity exercise (short duration, short volume) (Fatorous et. al., 2005)Fatorous et. al., 2005 Get 7.5-8 hours of unbroken sleep (Taheri et. al., 2004)Taheri et. al., 2004 Eat low carb, moderate protein, high fat (all unprocessed)