5. Farm Fallow Three-Field System Farm Fallow Before After
Fallow means left unfarmed

6. The Three-Field System
Could farmers yield more crops using half of their land or two-thirds of their land?

8. Craft Guilds Masons Carpenters Painters Cloth Makers Tanners
Bakers
Shoemakers, or cobblers
Apothecaries
Candle makers
Cheese maker
Rope maker
Gold/Silversmith
Potter
Masons
Carpenters
Painters
Cloth Makers
Tanners
Blacksmith
Butcher
Plaster maker
Saddle/Harness maker

17. The Church forbade Christians from lending money at interest.
Jews, who were not allowed to make a living in many occupations, became moneylenders since their own religion did not forbid it and it was a way for them to make income.
Usury – lending money and
charging interest.
Because the Jews became the wealthy financiers / bankers in Europe, they were often resented
by the poorer Christian population.
This matter contributed to rising
Anti-Semitism (persecutions of Jews) in Europe.
Anti-Semitism – prejudice and / or hatred toward people who are Jewish.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

20. Growth of the Middle Class
England – Burgesses
France - Bourgeoisie
H.R.E. (Germany) - Burghers
Aristocracy / Nobility – have their Lands. Up to now – since Greece and the Roman Senate - that has been the requirement for serving in government / political office. Landowning nobles have held all political power.
The new Middle Class -(merchants) now have Money!…something the Aristocracy doesn’t have unless they sell their lands. This new middle class wants Political strength that will match their economic strength.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

24. The Muslim Connection-
Christian scholars began visiting the Muslim libraries of Spain
Learned new things about math, science, philosophy, and law
Crusaders brought back superior Muslim technology
Ships, navigation and weapons

25. Scholars and Universities-
University- Higher institutions of learning
Most students were wealthy
Wanted a government or church job
Bachelors in theology – 5 to 7 years
Masters in theology- 12 years
Vernacular- Lively everyday language of one’s homeland
This brought literature to the people

27. Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy-
Thomas Aquinas argued that religious truths could be proved by logic
Wrote the Summa Theologicae
Combined ancient Greek thought with modern Christian thought
Scholastics- Wise school men
As a result of his work people began developing democratic institutions and traditions