2. KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT – 1928 Frank Kellogg – U.S. Secretary of State Aristide Briand – French Foreign Minister 55 nations of the world sign Renounces ‘aggressive’ war. Signers agree to not use war as an tool of foreign policy Self-defense military use OK MAIN LEGACY: legal basis for “international crimes against peace” – the key aspect of the Nuremberg Trials after World War II.

3. AMERICA’S ISOLATIONISM World War I legacy European chaos Emergence of totalitarianism Stalin Hitler Franco Mussolini

4. SECOND WORLD WAR – CAUSES 1.Treaty of Versailles 2.League of Nations failure 3.Economics 4.Nationalism 5.Totalitarianism Germany condemned to death.

5. Sec of State Cordell Hull 66 nations Goal = organize a coordinated attack on global depression Find agreement to revive international trade & stabilize currency exchange rates FDR concerned agreement on currency exchanges rates would hurt US recovery Much of debt was owed to U.S. many in Europe wanted simply forgive debt FDR orders withdrawal of U.S. team WHY IMPORTANT: Example of American nationalism that leads to greater tension between U.S. & Europe as well as creating more difficulty for European relations. LONDON CONFERENCE – 1933

6. FDR 1 st Inaugural Address (1933) endorses nonintervention in the internal affairs of Latin America Create a united Western Hemisphere? Consolidate regional power United resistance to growing Asian and European threat

7. NYE COMMITTEE Purpose was to investigate financial and banking interests that under laid American entry to WWI Conducted 93 hearings, interviewed 200+ people Documented huge profits made by American arms manufacturing companies in WWI era Found that banking leaders pressured Wilson to enter war to protect financial interests Loans to Germany = $27 million 1915-1917 Loans to U.K. & Allies = $2.3 billion OVERALL: Caused Nye and many Americans to believe U.S. entered WWI for reasons of profit not policy. Bolsters isolationism. Leads to passage of Neutrality Acts. Sen. Gerald Nye R – North Dakota

8. Upon U.S. presidential proclamation ‘War Exists’ No American on a ship of belligerent No American trade of munitions to a belligerent No American loans to belligerent SHOWS 1.Strength of isolationism 2.Abandonment of ‘Freedom of the Sea’ 3.An attempt to avoid WWI prelude CONNECT WITH THE ACTIONS OF NYE COMMITEE

9. Loyalists (Republicans) vs. Franco (Nationalists) Spanish Loyalist government a democracy. Americans generally sympathetic.Volunteers form ‘Abraham Lincoln Brigade’. America struggles to remain neutral, but applies embargo to belligerents Hitler sends aid to Franco & Nationalists. Loyalists lose! Franco begins era of military dictatorship in Spain. Ernest Hemingway as war reporter & writes For Whom the Bell Tolls.

10. QUARANTINE SPEECH – 1937 Chicago – ‘Isolationist Capital of America’ FDR: Must make an attempt to ‘quarantine’ European aggressors RESULTS: Major protests FDR must publicly back down War prep becomes very difficult

11. AMERICA FIRST COMMITTEE (1940-41) The United States must build an impregnable defense for America. No foreign power, nor group of powers, can successfully attack a prepared America. American democracy can be preserved only by keeping out of the European war. "Aid short of war" weakens national defense at home and threatens to involve America in war abroad. 800,000 members Opposed to Lend-Lease Prime goal to have FDR enforce/stand by Neutrality Acts Disbands shortly after Pearl Harbor

12. “Instead of agitating for war the Jewish groups in this country should be opposing it in every possible way, for they will be among the first to feel its consequences. Tolerance is a virtue that depends upon peace and strength. History shows that it cannot survive war and devastation.” “A few farsighted Jewish people realize this and stand opposed to intervention. But the majority still do not. Their greatest danger to this country lies in their large ownership and influence in our motion pictures, our press, our radio, and our government.” Charles Lindbergh America First Rally – Des Moines, Iowa Sept 11, 1941 THE BELLAMY SALUTE – Original salute to flag in use 1892 – 1941. Developed by Francis Bellamy author of ‘Pledge’. Nazi salute inspired by ‘Roman salute’ NOT Bellamy. FDR approves hand over change 1942. March 1941Incorrect Interpretation

13. “THE LONDON BLITZ” Nightly bombing raids Role of radar ends daytime blitz (early warning and sight) Winston Churchill “I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat.” “This was our finest hour.” GERMAN COST ENGLISH IMPACT 2600 planes * 40,000 deaths 190,000 tons of bombs * 1 million homes wiped out OVERALL: A TURNING POINT

15. March 11, 1941 The president may “sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of, to any such government any defense article". by October $1 billion committed to Britain FDR Quote: “Suppose my neighbor’s home catches fire and I have a garden hose that he could use to help put out the fire. Do I ask him to pay me for it before he takes it and uses it? I just want my garden hose back and if it is unusable for him to replace it.” FDR signing Lend-Lease legislation - 1941

16. August 14, 1941 Result of secret meeting FDR and Churchill America still technically & legally neutral summer polls of U.S. citizens overwhelmingly against involvement in Europe’s conflict Churchill had hoped for America’s commitment to war PROVISIONS IN BRIEF 1. No territorial gains were to be sought by the U.S. or U.K. 2. Territorial adjustments must be in accord with the wishes of the peoples concerned. 3. All peoples had a right to self-determination. 4. Trade barriers were to be lowered. 5. There was to be global economic cooperation and advancement of social welfare. 6. Freedom from want and fear. 7. Freedom of the seas. 8. Disarmament of aggressor nations, postwar common disarmament.

19. PEARL HARBOR: WHY? 1.Poor diplomatic relations. Japan invasion of Manchuria 1931. 2.U.S. trade embargo. Oil & other key needs. Effective!? 3.U.S. Pacific fleet relatively small. The hope to limit further U.S. military presence in Pacific. 4.Warning shot to U.S. U.S. military relatively unprepared. *Supporting evidence: No planned follow up invasion of mainland. 5.U.S. public opinion. Still heavily isolationist. Force political “backing down”.

20. EXECUTIVE ORDER 9066 – FEB. 19, 1942 120,000 Americans of Japanese descent (2/3rds US citizens) ‘Relocation’ begins in April of 1942 Know Hirabayashi v. US & Korematsu v. US

24. HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI HIROSHIMA - August 6, 1945 Headquarters 5 th Division Japanese Army approximately 43,000 troops Communication center Supply base No P.O.W. camps approximately 250,000 civilians NAGASAKI – August 9, 1945 Important seaport Major producer of war materials Soviet Union Invades Manchuria – August 9, 1945 Japan formally surrenders – August 15, 1945

25. HIROSHIMA BOMBING FACTS Radius of immediate, total destruction: 1 mile 90% of the buildings and infrastructure wiped out bomb “Little Boy” detonated 2,000 feet above city approximately 70,000 die instantly NAGASAKI BOMBING FACTS Secondary target – weather and logistics force crew to Nagasaki Heat generated = 7,000 degrees Fahrenheit Winds generated = 635 m.p.h. approximately 40,000 die instantly

26. SECOND WORLD WAR FACTS 1.Total Deaths All Nations – 55 million 2.U.S. Deaths - 300,000 3.Total Cost – 1.5 trillion dollars (1945 dollars) 4.U.S. Cost – 288 billion (1945 dollars) - 3 TRILLION dollars today 5. U.S. spends more than all other wars combined * 1940 national debt – 42 billion * 1946 national debt – 269 billion