1. Owned and operated as a joint venture by a consortium of Canadian universities via a contribution through the National Research Council Canada Propriété d’un consortium d’universités canadiennes, géré en co-entreprise à partir d’une contribution administrée par le Conseil national de recherches Canada Canada’s national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics Laboratoire national canadien pour la recherche en physique nucléaire et en physique des particules Accelerating Science for Canada Un accélérateur de la démarche scientifique canadienne The science programs of RIB facilities IUPAP WG9 Symposium – Washington DC A personal selection of topics and recent examples June 4, 2015 Reiner Krücken | Science Division Head | TRIUMF Professor of Physics | University of British Columbia

2. How Did Visible Matter Come Into Being and How Does It Evolve? How Does Subatomic Matter Organize Itself and What Phenomena Emerge? Are the Fundamental Interactions That Are Basic to the Structure of Matter Fully Understood? How Can the Knowledge and Technological Progress Provided by Nuclear Physics Best Be Used to Benefit Society? Big Questions in Nuclear Physics June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG92 Nuclear Physics – Exploring the Heart Of Matter US National Academies Decadal Survey 2010

3. Fundamental Rare Isotope Beam Science June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG93 Organization of nuclei and emerging phenomena precision tests of ab-initio theory evolution of nuclear phenomena with isospin (neutron-to-proton ratio) exploring the limits of nuclear existence Origin and enrichment of the elements crucial reactions in stellar burning and explosions identifying path and site of the r-process neutron star processes and properties Beyond the Standard Model precision tests of electroweak decays atomic parity violation electric dipole moments matrix elements for neutrinoless double-beta decay

4. Production of Radioactive Ion Beams Kruecken - RIB Science - WG94 Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) Diffusion from thick target - depends on chemistry - needs time (> ms) Fragments move with beam velocity (30-90% c) Access to all elements and very short-lived isotopes <  s Reaction induced by light projectile (p,d,n) in thick target Exotic nuclei produced in thin target as fragment of heavy beam In-flight separation (IF) June 4, 2015 Production methods provide complementary access to exotic nuclei (species, energies, intensities) and enable studies of different facets of nuclear properties and reactions Experiments with low- energy (stopped) and re- accelerated beams Experiments with fast, stopped, and re- accelerated beams

5. June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9 5 Organization of nuclei and emerging phenomena Nuclear Structure and Reactions

6. Structures and Phases of the Strong Interaction June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG96 Phenomena governed by strong interaction span large energy range QCD is non-perturbative at large distances (fm) / low energies Need different levels of approximation at each scale  Identify most important (practical) degrees of freedom for each energy scale  Preserve all relevant degrees of freedom in each step of approximation

7. Interfaces provide crucial clues Interfaces provide crucial clues dimension of the problem Towards a Unified Theory of All Nuclei June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG97 (CI) (DFT)

8. DFT CI ab initio LQCD Resolution Advances in Nuclear Theory Kruecken - RIB Science - WG98 June 4, 2015 Nucleon and nuclear magnetic moments from Lattice QCD Nuclear reactions in ab-initio theory Form factor of Hoyle state in 12 C with Quantum Monte Carlo Coupled cluster description with realistic forces up to 40 Ca Fusion cross-sections of medium mass nuclei in Time Dependent Density Functional Theory Mapping the Nuclear Landscape in DFT (uncertainties in dripline predictions) Erler et al., Nature 486, 509 (2012)

9. At and Beyond the Dripline June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG99 Extended wave function Weak binding Coupling to continuum Few-body correlations adopted from Blaum, Dilling, Nobel Symposium 2012 Halo masses from Penning traps ISOLDE & TRIUMF RIKEN Narrow momentum distribution following one neutron removal 37 Mg Heaviest Halo Nucleus Kobayashi, PRL 112, 242501 (2014)

10. Revision of Textbook Knowledge Kruecken - RIB Science - WG910 Classical shell gaps disappear: N=20, 28 New shell gaps emerge: N=16, 32, 34 June 4, 2015 Tensor and 3-nucleon forces play a key role in evolution of shell structure far off stability First excited state in 54 Ca: D. Steppenbeck, Nature 502, 207 (2013) R. Krücken, Contemporary Physics 52, 2 (2011)

11. Probing Shell Structure June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG911 Decay SpectroscopyFew-Nucleon Transfer K.L. Jones et al., Nature 465 (2010) 454 Ch. Hinke et al., Nature 486 (2012) 341 100 Sn 133 Sn ISAC/ARIEL HIE-ISOLDE NSCL ReA3 SPIRAL2 RISING @ GSI EURICA @ RIBF GRIFFIN @ ISAC FAIR, FRIB, ARIEL etc. GSI ORNL 3x10 -4 pps

12. Collective Response and Neutron Matter June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG912 Giant dipole Pygmy dipole Mass-radius relationship of neutron stars Adrich, PRL 95, 132501 (2005) GSI Symmetry energy and its density dependence close to saturation density Soft Dipole Excitation Neutron skins in neutron-rich nuclei 10 -16 m  10 4 m

13. June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9 13 Origin and enrichment of the elements Nuclear Astrophysics

14. M. Wiescher, NSAC LRP resolution Meeting, Kitty Hawk, NC, April 16-21, 201514 A field at the interface of Astrophysics and Nuclear Physics  Observational tools, signatures, and developments  Large computational modeling for stellar and nuclear systems  Laboratory tools for experimental evidence

15. Open Questions in Nuclear Astrophysics Kruecken - RIB Science - WG915 What is the origin of the elements?  What nuclear processes contribute to the origin of elements  How did the chemical composition of the universe evolve? Sr 2 nd Generation star Very old star Courtesy M. Wiescher June 4, 2015

16. Enrichment of the Universe with Heavy Elements June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG916

17. Nuclear Reactions in Stars and Stellar Explosions June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG917

18. Stellar Explosions Accretion driven explosion – novae, type SN Ia, XRB – Hot CNO, αp-process, rp-process, weak interaction, pycnonuclear burning, Fuel determined by accreted matter and seed distribution in accreted layers! Shock driven explosion – core collapse supernovae – p-process r-process p-process: Fuel determined by dissociation and recombination processes in collapse and by seed abundance in stellar layers! June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG918

19. Explosive Hydrogen and Helium Burning in x-Ray Bursts, Novae & Supernovae June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG919 Production/destruction of cosmic gamma ray emitters in novae and supernovae: 18 F, 22 Na, 26 Al, 44 Ti Novae signatures in pre-solar grains Nuclear reactions driving the light curves of x-ray bursts Example: direct radiative captures: DRAGON@ISAC, SECAR@FRIB Only 9 direct radiative capture measurements in inverse kinematics using RIBs X-ray burst Accreting neutron star x-ray burst

20. Direct Reaction Measurements in Storage Rings June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG920 GSI

21. The fate of the rp-process ashes a probe of the neutron star crust Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9 Schatz et al. Nature 505 (2014) 62 Observations of cooling neutron stars probe the crust and interior structure June 4, 2015 21 Cooling of outer neutron star crust by neutrino emission in cycles of electron capture and its inverse,   -decay, involving neutron-rich nuclei at a typical depth of about 150 meters.

22. Nuclear physics along the r-process path June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG922 What do we need to measure? mass differences decay half-lives beta delayed neutron emission branches neutron capture rate photo-disintegration rate  all depend on nuclear shell structure What is the site for the r-process?

23. Sensitivity studies: Impact of masses on abundances June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG923 Vary mass of individual nucleus by +- factor 10 Evaluate the effect on r-process abundance in astrophysical scenario Color indicates level of change in overall abundance when specific nuclear mass was changed  important guidance for experiments Mass model 1 Mass model 2 Mass model 3

24. Masses & Half-Lives Along the r-Process Path June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG924 Lorusso et al., PRL 114 (2015) RIKEN Includes old T 1/2 Includes new T 1/2 Original Area II 2012 CARIBU 2013 J. Van Schelt et al., Phys. Rev. C 85, 045805 (2012) J. Van Schelt et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 111,061102 (2013) ANL CPT Penning Trap measurements at CARIBU Half-Lives of 110 neutron-rich nuclei across the N=82 shell closure

25. RIB Facilities Poised to Tackle the r- Process Kruecken - RIB Science - WG925 Masses Traps (ISOL/IF) Storage rings (IF) Half-lives Decay stations (ISOL/IF) Neutron capture -(d,p) surrogate reaction (ISOL) -Coulomb dissociation (IF) Beta-delayed neutrons Neutron calorimeters (ISOL/IF) Neutron-gamma spectrometers (ISOL) N=126 waiting points Fission barriers N=82 waiting points Light Element Primary Process Rare Earth Peak June 4, 2015

26. Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9 26 Beyond the Standard Model of Particle Physics Fundamental Symmetries

27. Searching for Physics Beyond the Standard Model June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG927 Precision experiments testing SM predictions in electro-weak sector Electric dipole moments: neutron, atom, electron Particle decays: , K, neutron, B & D-mesons Parity violating e-scatteringQ weak Decay of rare isotopes and atomic parity violation at RIB facilities  Deviations from SM predictions via contributions of new particles & forces  Complementary to direct searches if very high precision can be reached Direct searches at LHC A Higgs boson discovered (is it SM?) Supersymmetry, Exotic gauge bosons, etc. ATLAS detector ATLAS Tier-1 data center at TRIUMF (5000 cores, 13 PB storage)

28. Rare Isotopes as Laboratory to Search for New Physics June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG928 (# of quark families, extra Z, right-handed / scalar currents) Electric Dipole Moment (matter-antimatter asymmetry) Neutrinoless double beta decay (Matter-antimatter asymmetry) Beta-decay correlations (scalar, tensor interactions) Atomic Parity Violation (anapole moment, weak hadronic currents) g Z

29. Francium: heavy nucleus, simple atomic structure  excellent candidate for low-energy tests of hadronic weak interaction  search for physics beyond the Standard Model (~20 times more sensitive than Cs) Atomic Parity Violation June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG929 Parity-non-conserving (PNC) atomic transition (8s ➔ 7s) [Atomic Parity Violation (APV)]  Probes strength of the weak neutral current between electron and quarks at very low momentum transfer PVES and APV set complementary constraints on the neutral-weak quark coupling constants: C 1u – C 1d (isovector) C 1u + C 1d (isoscalar) Q weak (J-Lab) PVES = Parity violating electron scattering Androic et al., PRL 2013

30. Francium Atomic Parity Violation Program June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG930 Successful Francium trapping of 207,209,221 Fr in new Magneto Optical Trap (MOT) First ever laser spectroscopy of 205 Fr A. Voss et al., PRL 111, 122501 (2013) TRIUMF

31. Rare Isotopes as Laboratory to Search for New Physics June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG931 (# of quark families, extra Z, right-handed / scalar currents) Electric Dipole Moment (matter-antimatter asymmetry) Neutrinoless double beta decay (Matter-antimatter asymmetry) Beta-decay correlations (scalar, tensor interactions) Atomic Parity Violation (anapole moment, weak hadronic currents) g Z

32. Weak eigenstates Mass eigenstates V ud (nuclear  -decay) = 0.97417(21) V us (kaon-decay) = 0.2253(8) [PDG] V ub (B meson decay)= 0.00339(44) Nobel 2008 |V ud | 2 + |V us | 2 + |V ub | 2 = 0.99978 ± 0.00055 I.S. Towner & J.C. Hardy, PRC 91, 025501 (2015)  unitarity is satisfied to a precision of 0.06%. Unitarity of the CKM Quark Mixing Matrix June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9 32 T 1/2 BR Q EC 0+0+ 0+0+ Superallowed Fermi decays

33. Test of CVC using Superallowed Fermi Decays June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG933 Ft WS = 3072.27(72) s |V ud | = 0.97417 ± 0.00021 Hardy and Towner, PRC 91, 025501 (2015) Next Frontier: Nuclear Structure Studies to constrain Isospin Breaking Corrections

34. Rare Isotopes as Laboratory to Search for New Physics June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG934 (# of quark families, extra Z, right-handed / scalar currents) Electric Dipole Moment (matter-antimatter asymmetry) Neutrinoless double beta decay (Matter-antimatter asymmetry) Beta-decay correlations (scalar, tensor interactions) Atomic Parity Violation (anapole moment, weak hadronic currents) g Z

35. Electric Dipole Moments and BSM Physics Nucleons (n, p) Nuclei (Hg, Ra, Rn) Electron in paramagnetic molecules (YbF, ThO) Quark EDM Quark Chromo-EDM Electron EDM Physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM): SUSY, etc. SectorExp Limit (e-cm) MethodStandard Model BSM CPV Electron8.7 x 10 -29 ThO in a beam10 -38 10 -28 Neutron3.3 x 10 -26 UCN in a bottle10 -31 10 -26 199 Hg3.1 x 10 -29 Hg atoms in a cell10 -33 10 -29 M. Ramsey-Musolf EDMs violate time reversal symmetry  could indicate new mechanisms for CP violation June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG935

36. Atomic EDM in Octupole Deformed odd-A Nuclei Octupole deformation leads to enhanced Schiff Moment (x 1000 over Hg)  Improved sensitivity to EDM ISOLDE Coulomb Excitation of 220 Rn, 224 Ra June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG936 Gaffney, Nature 497, 199 (2013) Deduced shapes of 220 Rn, 224 Ra, Schiff Moment: Polarization of nuclear charge distribution along angular moment ~ J by a P-/T-odd interaction Octupole Vibration (dynamic deformation) Octupole Deformed (static deformation)

37. Atomic EDM experiments with RIBs June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG937 Transverse cooling Zeeman Slower Magneto-optical Trap (MOT) Optical dipole trap (ODT) EDM measurement Oven: 225 Ra 223 Rn TRIUMF Proposed Rn-EDM set-up for Gamma ‐ anisotropy precession detection in 223 Rn at ISAC Current Ra-EDM set- up for 225 Ra at ANL EDM experiments require high intensity sources and long beamtime  FRIB beam dump harvesting or online production on ARIEL ISOL target) simulation 225 Ra ANL R.H. Parker et al. arXiv:1504.07477 Precession of Polarized Ra

38. Applications of Rare Isotopes June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG938 Materials Science Nuclear Medicine Biology Ocean Science Environmental Science

39. Materials Science with RIBs June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG939 x T, t Beta detected NMR Perturbed Angular Correlations Tracer Diffusion Rates Emission Channeling

40. Lithium Ion Diffusion in Polymer Electrolytes June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG940 McKenzie, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 (2014) TRIUMF

41. Isotopes for Medical Application: Tumor Treatment and Imaging June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG941 Alpha emitting isotopes: powerful way for direct tumor treatment Clustered DNA damage due to ‘heavy particle’ stopping power, short range. 211 At particularly well suited Gamma-emitting 209 At can be used to test functionality via imaging 211 At is generated via 211 Rn at ISAC & ARIEL via proton induced spallation Another isotope of interest for target alpha therapy is 225 Ac also produced at ISAC & ARIEL TRIUMF

42. Conclusions June 4, 2015 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG942 RIB Facilities are addressing the Big Questions in Nuclear Physics Organization of nuclei and emerging phenomena Origin and enrichment of the elements Physics beyond the Standard Model Applications for the benefit of Society In-flight facilities have a farther reach towards the extremes of isospin ISOL facilities are more focussed on precision studies In-flight and ISOL facilities enable complementary access to exotic nuclei (species, energies, intensities) enable complementary studies of different facets of nuclear structure and reactions

43. Owned and operated as a joint venture by a consortium of Canadian universities via a contribution through the National Research Council Canada Propriété d’un consortium d’universités canadiennes, géré en co-entreprise à partir d’une contribution administrée par le Conseil national de recherches Canada Canada’s national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics Laboratoire national canadien pour la recherche en physique nucléaire et en physique des particules Thank you! Merci TRIUMF: Alberta | British Columbia | Calgary | Carleton | Guelph | Manitoba | McGill | McMaster | Montréal | Northern British Columbia | Queen’s | Regina | Saint Mary’s | Simon Fraser | Toronto | Victoria | Western | Winnipeg | York